As Kinesiology students learn to analyze movement, understanding how the body moves in planes and on axes is often a difficult concept.
In this forum, Biomechanics students will post examples of sports movement, what planes limbs are moving in, and they will how the movement can be more efficient.
Swimming freestyle:
ReplyDeleteGeneral:
This stroke is performed in a prone position. The purpose of this stroke is to propel one's body along the sagittal plane.
Upper Body:
The arms in the freestyle stroke move in a circular motion in the high diagonal plane. This is because the swimmer will rotate their shoulders slightly to favor the arm raised outside the water, which tilts the axis of motion.
To make the movement in the upper body more efficient, the swimmer will want to flex their elbow, with the elbow superior to the hand, fingers adducted. This fingers should enter the water first, with the arm extending anterior fully. Once the arm is fully extended, internally rotate the shoulder. Then the arm must move posteriorly past the shoulder to propel the swimmer forward. The same process is repeated with the opposite arm.
Lower Body:
Swimmer should be kicking from the hip, with the leg almost fully extended. With legs in that extended position, one should move the legs simultaneously up and down along the sagittal plane. Knees should be minimally flexed. Feet should be in a planter flexed position.
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ReplyDeletePassing a volleyball:
In general the body is in the frontal plane with arms, hips and knees extended into the transverse plane.
Upper Body: The head and neck are in the frontal plane and do not move. Chest and back are also in frontal plane and move very little on the sagittal plane. The arms are the only part of the upper body that move into the transverse plane, as they extend horizontally.
Lower Body: The feet stay planted in the frontal plane, the hips and knees however move concentrically into the transverse plane. The body absorbs the impact of the ball with the legs and finishes eccentrically.
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ReplyDeleteVolleyball Serve:
ReplyDeleteUpper Body: Start in the fundamental position. The non-dominant arm should be extended in front of the body with slight flexion at the elbow and the hand should be in a supinated position in order to hold the ball. To toss the ball up, the non-dominant arm should stay extended in front of the body; forcing the ball into the air will cause protraction of the shoulder girdle and slight palmar flexion in the sagittal plane. During the toss, the backswing of the dominant arm should occur. The dominant shoulder girdle will be rotated downward and retracted, the shoulder joint should be horizontally abducted, the radioulnar joint and the hand should be pronated and there should be flexion at the elbow around the frontal axis. For force production and follow through the elbow will begin to extend while reaching for the ball, which will cause elevation of the shoulder girdle. During contact with the ball the shoulder girdle will be protracted and rotating upward. The wrist and hand should be adjusted between radial and ulnar flexion depending on where the ball needs to go and should be snapped into palmar flexion. The backswing, force production and follow through motions occur in the sagittal plane.
Lower Body: Start with both feet together in a fundamental position. Once the ball is tossed the non-dominant foot should step anterior to the dominant foot, causing flexion around the frontal axis in both the knee and hip causing motion in the sagittal plane. At the force production and follow through of the upper body, the dominant leg should also follow through, which will also cause flexion around the frontal axis in the knee and hip and motion in the sagittal plane. During this final motion of the lower body the dominant foot should be in the planter flexion position.
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ReplyDeleteLay Up in Basketball:
ReplyDeleteUpper Body: For the purpose of this example the basketball will start in the right hand at the hip. The upper extremities will move along both the sagittal and coronal planes. This will begin with a right elbow flexion, right wrist extension, and right finger flexion to grip the ball. The left arm performs an elbow flexion, elbow adduction, and slight finger flexion to support the ball grip. From this position there is a right and left shoulder flexion. At the top of the flexion the right elbow extends back to 0 degrees as there is a right radioulnar supination, wrist flexion, and finger extension. The left arm should stay in the same position after the shoulder flexion until the ball is released. After the ball is released both of the superior limbs adduct back to the fundamental position.
Lower Body: Prior to movement the lower body is in the fundamental position. Which side of the goal you are on will determine which leg will perform which function. For the purpose of this example we will shoot a right handed layup with rotations along the frontal axis. The left knee will flex slightly as there is a right hip flexion as well as a right knee flexion. The ankle dorsal then flexes slightly. The last movement before the ball is released is a left ankle dorsal flex lifting the body off of the ground. After the ball is released the right limb has a hip extension back to 0 degrees while both knees are slightly flexed for the return back to the ground.
Efficiency: This move in basketball is quite efficient but can sometimes be modified by removing the radioulnar supination. Sometimes shorter players find this method more accurate in that they have more control over where the ball is released.
George Porter
ReplyDeleteKINE 4327-001
Sports Movement Efficiency and the Planes of Motion
Right Cross Punch
The following is a description of the planes of movement the body is in when a right cross is thrown.
Starting Position: Start in the fundamental position. All of the fingers of both hands are flexed to make fists. The palmar sides of the hands are facing medially toward the center of the body. Both arms are flexed toward their ipsilateral shoulder along the sagittal plane and the shoulder joints are circumducted anteriorly along the sagittal plane until the hands are positioned in front of the chin. Both legs are abducted until the feet are shoulder width apart. The left hip joint is circumducted 15-25 degrees along the sagittal plane. The left leg is flexed 25-45 degrees. The foot is placed flat on the floor. The right hip joint is circumducts posteriorly 10-15 degrees along the diagonal plane. The right leg is flexed 25-45 degrees. The foot is placed flat on the floor, pronated 10-15 degrees.
Ending Position: The following movements are made from the position described above. The right arm is fully extended along the sagittal plane, and right hand is pronated 90 degrees until the palmar side of the hand faces the ground. The right shoulder is protracted. The upper torso rotates counter clockwise along the transverse plane. The right hip joint is internally rotated along the transverse plane. The heel of the left foot is elevated along the sagittal plane, and externally rotated along the transverse plane. The toes of the left foot are hyperextended and resting on the ground.
Improvement: To improve the right cross given in the example provided, the individual executing the action can protract the shoulders, and flex their spine 5-10 degrees along the sagittal plane. This will allow for a lower center of gravity to move and dodge as needed.
Shooting a soccer ball
ReplyDeleteThis movement take place along the low diagonal plane at the hip joints in that the lower limb is moving along the sagittal and frontal plane simultaneously. The lower limbs are used to prepare the body and produce the force needed to execute the kick. The upper extremity is used to provide balance and stabilization as the kick is being performed. The movement happens at the involved leg. The movement begins with extension of the hip along with flexion of the knee to provide the backswing phase of the movement. Then follows the force production phase which involves flexion of the hip followed by extension of the knee, TIMED CORRECTLY, to make perfect contact with the ball. The follow through consists of further flexion of the hip with the knee remaining extended. The upper extremities are used for balancing and stabilization throughout this movement by the shoulders becoming slightly abducted.
Ways to make this technique more efficient is to work on the timing of all of the different components, to ensure that everything is working together as one unit and separate units.
High Jump (Performing the Fosbury Flop)
ReplyDeleteIn general a high jump is performed in a supine position moving along the sagittal plane, crossing the frontal plane. Upper Body: The head (cephalic) and the neck (cervical) are in the frontal position, with a slight cervical extension while flexing. Retraction of the shoulders, the arms extended out in a fundamental position. Lower Body: Hip are open flexing to increase the height movement over the bar. Knees are also in a flexed position. Planter flexion of the feet and toes.
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ReplyDeleteWhen an athlete is passing (bumping) the volleyball their form and muscles used should be accurate and strong. The athlete is going to stand shoulder width apart with their feet in a lateral position. Once the athlete is ready to pass the ball their dominant foot should step forward while passing (their aiming foot). Their arms will be in the extension position in order to create the solid platform. During the pass the shoulder will experience the protraction element because of the athlete wanting to move the shoulders towards the ball and not towards the spine. The shoulder will be returned to the normal depression position after the pass. Hip flexion will be used throughout the entire passing process. Ankle plantar flexion will also be used depending on the location of the ball. After the pass is over the body should return to the fundamental but bend position.
ReplyDeleteUpper body: Shoulders especially anterior deltoids. The form arm muscles are not used however the fingers and hands do flex when passing the ball. Lower Body: All legs, hip and core muscles.
ReplyDeleteGolf Swing:
The Golf Swing involves the whole body of motion not just the swinging of the arms. Between the planes your upper body in the Transverse plan experiences the rotation of the upper body to generate your swing, while your lower body works in transition when making contact with the rotation of the hips and slight leg movement. The front part of the body, the frontal plane works together in generating power from the back while the front stabilizes the front motion of the golf club to connect with the golf ball. The sagittal in action depends on which side the golfer swings from, either left or right handed swing.
The limbs involved go from your arms to your hands on both sides. One sides generates speed with the backswing while providing the motion to swing forward while the other limb stabilizes the club and assist with the direction for the swing. The legs are also involved to hold the golfer steady during the backswing motion and also provide power from the hips at the point of contact to generate force and power from the legs/hips area fully rotating to produce a higher quality hit. The whole motion is considered a low diagonal plane of motion because the arms are swinging down by the limbs at a angle to produce the swing and hit the golf ball.
In my opinion to make this movement better and more productive the golfer can practice the motion of the swing, with the rotation of the hips and the follow through with club in hand and no golf ball to hit, improving on the motion as a whole to work in better harmony which in turn produces better golf swing. Once the swing has been practiced and understands the motion expected then the person can fine tune the exacts of connecting golf club to golf ball which includes variables like head down, eye on the ball and tuning in the hand eye coordination to make contact. Once all these aspects are understood and practice I feel the golfer will have a more successful and efficient swing in general.
Golf Putt:
ReplyDeleteWhile putting in golf, the arms would be in the frontal plane while the rest of the body remains isometric. This is because not a lot of force is needed while putting in golf. The position of the athlete's feet would be about shoulder width apart with their knees slightly bent, along with a slight bend in their hips. When the athlete putts, they will move their arms bilaterally. While doing so, there is no movement in the wrist or elbows but only in the shoulders. On the backstroke and frontstroke of a putt, the shoulders go through horizontal adduction and abduction. Generally while gripping a putter, the athlete's hands are inverted with their dominant inferior to that of their other hand.
Efficiency: In order to make a golf putt more efficient, it is best if one can eliminate as much movement in the lower body, elbows, and wrist as possible. The movement should be all in the shoulders. This will allow for more accuracy where the putter head hits the golf ball in order for the athlete to get the ball where they want it to go.
Football Throw
ReplyDeleteUpper Body: A high diagonal plane of motion type of movement. The wind up phase has the QB gaining the momentum to release the ball to a receiver. His throwing shoulder is externally rotated, with his elbow in flexion, and wrist in extension. His fingers are in flexion around the football. The later cocking phase has the QB starting to go in a forward motion in preparation to throw the football. The QB starts with their left foot placed slightly in front of their right foot for balance with both feet are in plantar-flexion with his left elbow is in flexion with his shoulder slightly internally rotated. Next phase is the acceleration part of the movement with the QB releasing the football while opening and hips to where he is throwing the football. His throwing arm is in full extension with his wrist in extension and metacarpals in slight flexion from gripping the ball. His shoulder goes from external to internal rotation. His non-throwing arm is still in flexion throughout this motion. Next is the follow through which is when the QB has released the football and is one of the most important phases to a throw. Flexion of the wrist and metacarpals and the shoulder is still going through internal rotation.
Lower Body: Beginning phase has the QB's left foot in plantar flexion, with his right hip externally rotated with his knee in slight extension. The wind up phase is when the QB starts with their left foot placed slightly in front of their right foot for balance with both feet are in plantar-flexion with his right knee in slight flexion. Throwing phase has the QB releasing the football while opening the hips to where he is throwing the football. QB’s hip is internally rotated with the left knee in slight extension and the ankle in slight plantar flexion. The left ankle is in plantar flexion with the knee in slight extension and the hips are internally rotated. The right ankle is still in plantar flexion with the right knee in full extension.
Baseball Throw (Right Handed):
ReplyDeleteThrowing a baseball requires movement of the entire body.
Upper Body: As the player is winding up, the shoulder will move in the diagonal and horizontal plane. As the arm pulls back the shoulder extends and the elbow slightly flexes to a 90 degree angle. When the ball is being thrown, the shoulder flexes and internally rotates as the elbow extends thus releasing the ball.
Lower Body: The lower body also moves in the sagittal and horizontal plane. Driving off the back leg and leading with the hip, arms work equally with lower body when throwing a baseball. As the player winds up, the hips and knee internally rotate and flex. The weight transfers from the back leg and shifts to front side as hips rotate.
To improve a player’s throwing accuracy, focus on form and release point. To throw harder, focus on using lower body and don’t rely solely on the upper extremities.
Lacrosse Pass
ReplyDeleteUpper Body:
To get ready to pass the ball the player moves both elbows laterally along the sagittal plane with a twist in the torso. One elbow on the anterior side and the other elbow on the posterior side the player is now ready to pass the ball. When passing the anterior elbow is going to move to proximal to the torso while the posterior elbow moves anteriorly and extends to 180 degrees. While doing this the ball will be released from the stick and the pass has been made.
Lower Body:
Whether running or standing still the player places one foot anteriorly and the other foot slightly posteriorly. Both legs are along the sagittal plane with that the hips have to be turned from the frontal plane to the sagittal plane to prepare the body for the pass. Once the player decides to pass the player will turn the hips back to the frontal plane.
To make this movement for efficient the player needs have a slight bend in the front knee and put their body into the shot.
The movement I chose was a basic pull up. Movement will occur in the sagittal and frontal plane with 2 phases during the motion.When the person is in the pull phase of the pull up the elbows are going to flex in the sagittal plane and the shoulders will adduct in the frontal plane When lowering the body during the pull up elbows are going to fully extend in the sagittal plane and shoulders will abduct in the frontal plane. In order to make the movement more efficient the person should have hands widers than the shoulders, and overhand grip and focus on keeping the elbows pulled in during the entire pull up.
ReplyDeleteSoccer Kick:
ReplyDeleteThe motion will take place in the sagittal and frontal planes. The individual will stand in the fundamental position. The leg used to kick will move into the sagittal plane while the plantar foot remains even with the ball. The kick occurs at a low diagonal as the lumbar spine flexes, moving through the sagittal plane. The kicking leg will be moved in the sagittal plane by pulling it from the anterior to the posterior of the plane. The further the kicking leg is flexed back, the more force that will be produced. Contact with the soccer ball will be made with the medial region of the foot. The arms will move through the frontal and sagittal plane to help with balance and force.
Dumbbell Bicep Curl
ReplyDeleteThe movement for the dumbbell bicep curls will take place in the sagittal plane. The individual doing the exercise will stand straight up with a dumbbell in each hand and keep the arms down by the sides (elbow extension). The individual will then exhale and curl the weights until the biceps are fully contracted. The movement is flexion of the elbow. After doing this the individual will bring the weight down to the starting position and continue for as many repititions as needed.
To make this movement for efficient the individual doing the move should stand up straight and try not to sway or arch their back when doing this as that can put strain on their back. Also going slow on the way down and on the way up can help the biceps contract more.