CThread:

Grape extract imporves antioxidant status and physical performane in elite male athletes
Post:: RE: Grape extract imporves antioxidant status and physical performane in elite male athletes
Author:: Elizabeth Walker

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 8:57 PM
Status:: Published

oh! I love this study! Grapes are wonderful! I use grapeseed oil for random beauty stuff but nevcer new that grape extract could make me better at sports! haha I guess I need to eat a lot of them. Great article find

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Thread:: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Post:: RE: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Author:: Elizabeth Walker

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 8:53 PM
Status:: Published

interesting. Doesn't suprise me that muscle glycogen use was depleted after alcohol was used to fuel up. Alcohol has carbs but also dehydrates. Not a great source for hydration. Good find!

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Thread:: Cranberries aren't only for Thanksgiving!
Post:: Cranberries aren't only for Thanksgiving!
Author:: Elizabeth Walker

Posted Date:: November 15, 2012 3:35 PM
Status:: Published

Attachment: File

cranberries arent only for thanksgiving.docx (148.073 KB)

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Thread:: Physiological and Nutritional Aspects of Post-Exercise Recovery Specific Recommendations for Female Athletes
Post:: RE: Physiological and Nutritional Aspects of Post-Exercise Recovery Specific Recommendations for Female Athletes
Author:: Tyler Vernon

Posted Date:: November 23, 2012 10:56 AM
Status:: Published

I think the later part of your second question is perhaps the most prevalent issue. Female athletes generally don't consume enough food to be as fully competitive as they could be, thus elongating their recovery time and hindering their performance. Thus, perhaps instead of post exercise meals and foods, although I don't want to undervalue them, the real issue is insuring that their meals pre-competition and during their training cycle is ample or more so to insure better recovery and performance.

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Thread:: RR4: Orange juice effects blood lipid levels
Post:: RE: RR4: Orange juice effects blood lipid levels
Author:: Tyler Vernon

Posted Date:: November 23, 2012 10:50 AM
Status:: Published

You said that the experimental group experienced significant changes to their HDL, but didn't give the results to the LDL. Were there no noticeable changes? In addition, wouldn't the results and implications of this study have to be interpreted on a 'per-person' basis. If someone has diabetes, for example, certainly that person regularly consuming Oj wouldn't be a good thing.

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Thread:: Carbohydrate Loading
Post:: RE: Carbohydrate Loading
Author:: Tyler Vernon

Posted Date:: November 23, 2012 10:43 AM
Status:: Published

It seems like with this article a whole lot of work was done to express that 1. woman eat less, or consume less energy than men, and 2. that having a diet meticulously planned out is the best way to achieve optimal results. I wish more studies were done with women though, if for no other reason so that female athletes and athletics would become more recognized.

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Thread:: The effects of Carbohydrate Restriction on Strength Performance
Post:: The effects of Carbohydrate Restriction on Strength Performance
Author:: Tyler Vernon

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 1:02 PM
Status:: Published

Tyler Vernon

Research Review 4

Leveritt, M. and Abernethy, P. J. (1999) Effects of Carbohydrate Restriction on Strength and Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 13(1), 52-57.

The purpose of this article was to investigate if a program of carbohydrate restriction that would likely reduce the stored glycogen in the muscles would impair performance in a bout of isoinertial and isokinetic exercise. Their review of related literature provided mixed opinions as to if the depletion or reduction of glycogen stores in the muscles would have any effect on the outcome of the athletes strength. One researcher cited suggests that there were no negative effects at all; one said that it was fully dependent on the exercise in question, and another concluded that it had a negative effect on all lifts. In addition to this research, other researchers cited had done work on strength performance after an endurance activity in which the glycogen stores would have been depleted through means of exercise absent of carbohydrate supplementation as opposed to a carbohydrate restricting diet.

The subjects consisted of one female and five males who one week prior all were tested for height, weight, their one repetition squat max, and their peak cycle ergometer oxygen consumption (PVo2). The subjects completed the strength activity during two separate occasions. One session was completely under their own individual dietary circumstances. The second session, separated by 5 days, was completed while under a 2 day carbohydrate restriction program. During the carbohydrate restriction program the subjects consumed 1.2 plus or minus .5 g/kg of carbohydrates which would correlate to 19 percent total energy intake. For the isoinertial lift the testers used the squat performed for three sets of three, or until the subject couldn’t lower the bar down to where there knees bent at 90 degrees, at 80 percent of their one rep maximum. All sets were separated by 3 minutes rest time. The isokinetic lift was performed using knee extensions where only the dominant knee was used. This included 5 sets of 5 repetitions in each set. The subjects’ plasma lactate was measured before and after each session.

To a significant degree (< .07) the squat exercise were negatively effected by the carbohydrate restriction diet, however, did not seem to have any effect on the isokinetic knee extension. Pre and post exercise lactate, however, was much lower after the carbohydrate restriction phase (.77 to .89 on average) than it was during the control phase. Thus the results showed that in an isoinertial bout of strength exercises would be compromised as a result of a program of carbohydrate restriction.

My critique of the study is somewhat robust, and stems from a sever oversight of methodological preparation. In this case, the problem statement wanted to test the effects of lowered muscular glycogen levels. However, the one thing that they didn’t test was muscular glycogen levels. They assumed that due to carbohydrate restriction, which had its own methodological flaws, muscular glycogen levels would decrease, but they had no way of verifying if in fact that occurred. As for the other flaw, there was no degree of control for the diet while performing the control test, nor any real control as for the experimental test. The authors admit that they had no way of knowing what the subjects diets looked like or consisted of prior to the experiment, nor could they really know what the subjects were eating during the experiment. It was noted that they subjects logged in whatever it was that they ate, but that presupposes that the subjects were completely honest about portion size, meal content, or just simply rigorous with their log-ins. My last criticism, again, stems from the methodology. Why only two were lifts total chosen? Why not have three or four lifts for each isoinertial and isokinetic movements so that there is a significant amount more of data to analyze. It just seems like this experiment wasn’t as thought through as it could have been, or was the result of their own institutional review board constricting the experiment.

The practical implications, however, are at least partially clear. If a strength athlete wishes to really compete, a lower carbohydrate diet is something to certainly avoid.

If you choose to read it, or need it for your own personal research I've attached a copy of the original article.

Attachment: File

Effects_of_Carbohydrate_Restriction_on_Strength.10.pdf (208.079 KB)

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Thread:: Effect of acute mild dehydration on cognitive-motor performance in golf
Post:: Effect of acute mild dehydration on cognitive-motor performance in golf
Author:: Justin Turner

Posted Date:: November 12, 2012 8:35 PM
Status:: Published

Research Review #4

A. Smith, M., Newell, A., & Baker, M. (2012). Effect of acute mild dehydration on cognitive-motor performance in golf. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(11), 3075-3080.

B. The purpose of this study was to quantify the likely impact acute mild dehydration, augmented through noninvasive fluid restriction may have on the golf-specific motor-cognitive performance in low- handicap players.

C. This study used seven low-handicapped male players (age: 21 6 1.1 years; mass: 76.1 6 11.8 kg; stature: 1.77 6 0.07 m; handicap: 3.0 6 1.2) to complete golf specific motor and cognitive performance tasks in a euhydrated condition (EC) and dehydrated condition (DC) (randomized counterbalanced design; 7-day interval). In order to control dehydration, a previously effective 12-hour fluid restriction was used and monitored through ΔBM and urine color assessment (UCOL). All subjects were required to play golf competitively at least once a week, while participating in golf-specific training on 3 other occasions during the week. However, before testing, subjects were asked to refrain from physical activity, caffeine, and alcohol.

D. The results of this study found that mild dehydration reduced mean body mass (BM), with UCOL increasing from 2 (EC) to 4 (DC). Additionally, mild dehydration significantly impaired motor performance, expressed as shot distance and off-target accuracy. 2Furthermore, cognitive performance expressed as the mean error in distance judgment to target also increased.

E. I found this article very interesting and helpful for coaches, athletic training staff members, and strength and conditioning coaches. Dehydration is a scary and even deadly element if not monitored and detected immediately, especially for sports played outside in extreme weather conditions.

F. The article was very practical and can help any coach and athletic trainer show the importance of hydration. This study proved that mild dehydration could impair distance, accuracy, and distance judgment during a round of golf. For sports requiring more physical activity than golf, such as power, speed, and agility, mild-dehydration could result in injury and missed playing time.

Questions

1. Why were their only seven subjects used for the study? With such a small sample size, the study could lose some credibility.

2. Why were their no females used in the study?

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Thread:: Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power,ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion
Post:: RE: Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power,ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion
Author:: Justin Turner

Posted Date:: November 12, 2012 7:58 PM
Status:: Published

It is pretty disappointing that the article didn't discuss the training habits of the participants. Overall still a good article Jasmine.

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Thread:: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Post:: RE: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Author:: Justin Turner

Posted Date:: November 12, 2012 7:57 PM
Status:: Published

I agree with Dara, I'm glad the study found no significant increase in either sprint performance or power. Many athletes and average individuals consume these drinks like they are water and are benefiting from them when in reality they aren't, and are wasting money.

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Thread:: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Post:: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Author:: Elizabeth Trevino

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 8:09 PM
Status:: Published

The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance

Shireffs, S. M., & Maughan, R. J. (2006). The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 5(4), 192-196.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the physiological effects on athletic performance in high school aged student athletes. There are reasons to believe that acute alcohol intake may impair performance of endurance exercise due to the resulting effects on metabolic, cardiovascular, and thermoregulatory function (Shireffs, 2006). Typically, students that engage in team sports or any extra curricular activities have the means to make educated decisions regarding their health and safety, however, like all things in life, there are exceptions to the rule. As popularized by many movies and television shows, (ex. Varsity Blues, Friday Night Lights) alcohol has become synonymous with popularity and status. In spite of the potential for negative effects on performance and health, there is ample evidence that alcohol features prominently in the lifestyles of many athletes at all levels of competition (Shireffs, 2006).

Since research on athletic performance and alcohol is limited, this article is a review over studies done previously. The main focus is on carbohydrate metabolism, hydration and thermoregulatory function, the aftermath of alcohol use, and the effect of alcohol on injury and incapacity. The research studies examined utilized surveys and questionnaires in order retrieve data regarding prevalence of alcohol and alcohol use among high school students. Also, many of the studies reported small sample sizes for their control and experimental groups. For experimental groups drinking controlled amounts of alcohol, the doses of alcohol used were small relative to the amounts reportedly consumed by athletes.

Rather interestingly, one of the reviewed studies reported a reduction in carbohydrate stores after a prolonged cycling bout. The researcher had his subjects placed into three groups, where each group had different post exercise recovery foods following their glycogen-depleting exercise. The group that ingested an alcohol displacement diet (reduced carbohydrate, in which about 210 g of dietary carbohydrate was replaced by about 120 g alcohol) showed that muscle glycogen storage was significantly reduced (by almost 50% at 8 hours and about 16% at 24 hours).

The above stated research studied the effects of alcohol ingested immediately after intense exercise. The focus of this study was strictly the effect of alcohol on glycogen metabolism. In the real word however, this scenario is not quite accurate. It would have been nice to have seen research stating whether or not alcohol consumption affected overall athletic performance, either consumed the night before a meet or the day of. I understand the safety concerns regarding this particular study, regarding ethics, but I feel like this type of alcohol consumption is more relevant to the population initially inquired about.

For coaches wanting to coach at the high school level, alcohol use/abuse is prevalent for this population. It’s important to understand fully the physiological effects of alcohol on the body as well as the peer pressure surrounding your athletes.

Questions

How would post alcohol impairment/alcohol hangover affect athletic performance the morning after a heavy drinking session when blood alcohol level has returned to zero?

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Thread:: RR4: Orange juice effects blood lipid levels
Post:: RR4: Orange juice effects blood lipid levels
Author:: Michael Terencio

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 9:38 PM
Status:: Published

Michael Terencio

KINE 5306

Dr. Jay Dawes

Friday, November 16, 2012

Research Review #4:

Cesar, Thais B. (2011). Drinking orange juice may help combat bad cholesterol. Retrieved from

http://ehis.ebscohost.com.manowar.tamucc.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d429ff11-24f0-4267-8c8c-ce87e047dee9%40sessionmgr113&vid=7&hid=103

Purpose of Study

The aim of this investigation was to examine the effects of concentrated orange juice (OJ) on the body’s low density lipid (LDL) and high density lipid (HDL) levels and lipid metabolism, due to its higher flavonoid levels when compared to fresh juice.

Methods and Materials

Fourteen subjects with high cholesterol levels and 31 healthy subjects participated. Eight OJ-abstaining subjects were utilized as the control group. All participants were given three cups of OJ (made up of a 1:6 concentrate to water mix) daily for sixty days. After the 60-day period, blood cholesterol levels of all 45 OJ-attaining subjects were compared to those of the 8 OJ-abstaining control group.

Summary of Results/Conclusion

The subjects in the control group appeared to show no change in LDL or HDL levels or transfer rates. However, all OJ-attaining subjects experienced an increase in the rate of HDL’s ability to sweep up free cholesterol to transport out of the body. Free-cholesterol transfer to HDL rates increased by 22% in the 14 high cholesterol subjects. Free-cholesterol transfer to HDL rates for the 31 healthy subjects increased by 48%.

Critique of the Study

I found this study to be an easy and straight-to-the-point read. The article did not cover pertinent issues such as how these findings could correlate with exercise and what types of exercise would further increase the resulted benefits, which should be considered in the future. Otherwise, the information deemed very useful.

Practical Applications of the Study

As a certified personal trainer, I could see myself using this study as a reference point to further investigate other such correlating studies. Maybe after some thorough research, I could advise my clients to follow the ideas presented throughout this study.

Attachment: File

R Rev 4.1.pdf (133.533 KB)

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Thread:: Sodium Bicardonate Supplementation Ingestion and Timing
Post:: RE: Sodium Bicardonate Supplementation Ingestion and Timing
Author:: Trevor Stewart-Richlen

Posted Date:: November 14, 2012 4:56 PM
Status:: Published

I ran across this supplementation strategy when researching for my seven day nutritional protocol. It explained that wrestlers relied heavily upon maintaining their acid base balance to maintain a high level of performance during their matches. I think it would be interesting to test this form of supplementation on shorter more intense bouts of anaerobic exercise/training to see if it could increase performance on a smaller scale.

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Thread:: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Post:: RE: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Author:: Trevor Stewart-Richlen

Posted Date:: November 14, 2012 4:51 PM
Status:: Published

This was a pretty concise study. I would like to see if given a proper diet (obtaining all protein from a dietary source rather than supplementation) a study of this nature could produce similar results.

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Thread:: Cocoa-Based Protein and CHO post aerobic exercise
Post:: Cocoa-Based Protein and CHO post aerobic exercise
Author:: Trevor Stewart-Richlen

Posted Date:: November 14, 2012 4:48 PM
Status:: Published

Advanced Nutrition for Human Performance Research Review

Source:

MCBRIER, N. M.-E. (2010). COCOA-BASED PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE DRINK DECREASES PERCEIVED SORENESS AFTER EXHAUSTIVE AEROBIC EXERCISE: A PRAGMATIC PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 2203-2210.

Purpose of Study:

The purpose of this study was to analyze and research the possible effects of a cocoa-based protein and carbohydrate drink on aerobic exercise recovery and perceived exhaustion. The study sought to examine if this for of recovery drink could decrease the effects of DOMS and muscle breakdown immediately following exhaustive aerobic exercise.

Methods and Materials:

This study took seven, physically active males and tested variables of , creatine kinase, urinary isoprostanes and inflammatory markers. All of these variables are indicative of skeletal muscle damage resulting from exhaustive aerobic exercise. A perceived soreness questionnaire was also administered 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. The exercise routine consisted of a 30 minute run on a 210% grade decline. The subjects maintained a heart rate of 75% of their measured maximal heart rate. The drinks, cocoa-based protein and CHO, were ingested immediately following the exercise routine, two hours post exercise and again before bed. Blood samples were taken 30, 60, 120 and 360 minutes following the exercise routine. A urine analysis was taken and conducted 24 and 48 hours post exercise.

Summary of results and conclusion:

The study showed no effect on any of the measured variables, creatine kinase, urinary isoprostanes, or inflammatory markers. However there was a significant effect on the subjects perceived soreness post exercise. All subjects recorded feeling less sore after ingesting the test drink.

Critique of the Study:

This particular study lends itself perfectly for further research. The study was very concise, to the point, and easy to follow. However, with the absence of a control group the results can't really be taken as true results. Without this information it cannot be truly assessed whether or not the perceived muscle soreness was affected or not.

Practical Application(s) of the Study:

The practical application of this study can only be surmised and not really backed by the evidence found. This lends to further research on other cocoa-based post workout drinks and the effects they may have on perceived muslce soreness and skeletal muscle breakdown.

Questions:

With the addition of a control group would the study yield similar results? Or would the results be more reliable?

With the addition of other cocoa-based drinks yield similar results?

How would a cocoa-based drink effect anaerobic training?

Attachment: File

Cocoa_Based_Protein_and_Carbohydrate_Drink.32.pdf (125.26 KB)

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Thread:: Nutrition and Periodization in Three Elite Marathon Runners
Post:: RE: Nutrition and Periodization in Three Elite Marathon Runners
Author:: Morgan Seals

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 7:51 AM
Status:: Published

Nice job Jessica. This article would be great for those wanting to train for a marathon to read.

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Thread:: Physiological and Nutritional Aspects of Post-Exercise Recovery Specific Recommendations for Female Athletes
Post:: RE: Physiological and Nutritional Aspects of Post-Exercise Recovery Specific Recommendations for Female Athletes
Author:: Morgan Seals

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 7:49 AM
Status:: Published

Really good information Abby!

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Thread:: Carbohydrate Loading
Post:: Carbohydrate Loading
Author:: Morgan Seals

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 9:39 PM
Status:: Published

APA Citation:

Tarnopolsky, M. A., Zawada, C., Richmond, L. B., Carter, S., Shearer, J., Graham, T., et al. (2001). Gender differences in carbohydrate loading are related to energy intake. Journal of Applied Physiology, 225-230.

Purpose:

It is not a secret that there are major differences between males and females when it comes to physiological aspects. This is especially true in athletics. There have been many studies conducted to determine the specific differences between the two genders. Energy intake, respiratory exchange, metabolic response to endurance exercise, nutrition/diet, cardiovascular and muscular endurance, body mass index, and VO₂ max are just a few tests that have proven that there physiological differences between males and females. However, this study went a step further in trying to discover whether “provision of extra energy, in conjunction with additional absolute carbohydrate, would allow women to increase muscle glycogen concentration by a similar amount compared with men in response to a modified dietary carbohydrate-loading protocol.” In other words, this study wanted to determine if intense carbohydrate-loading, prior to competition, would affect muscle performance more in women versus men.

Methods:

Subjects- This study used seven female and six male endurance-trained athletes. Each athlete volunteered to participate after being advised and educated of the study and its risks. The males shared similar training histories and VO₂ max of 55 ml kg min. In addition to similarities in training history and VO₂ max of 45 ml kg min, each female had a normal menstrual cycle. Both genders were tested for body fat and hydration levels as well.

Design-Each participant completed three 5-day trials in which they were randomized and double-blinded. The diets were packaged and provided to each participant where seventy-five percent of energy was from carbohydrates. Before day one of the diet, the participants were tested based on their VO₂ max (60% and 85%). The same tests were performed on days one, two, three, and five with day four being a rest day. On the last day of the trial, a muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis () and studied further.

Summary of Result/Conclusion:

The results of the three 5-day trials were examined and put through independent t-tests along with two-way ANOVA. It was found that women consumed less energy than men in total energy intake and per kilogram of body weight. Also, there was not a significant difference between males and females or within diet conditions for hexokinase activity. In addition, there was no correlation between hexokinase activity and muscle glycogen. However, there was a significant difference in muscle glycogen when supplying 1.0 grams of carbohydrate immediately and one hour postexercise.

Practical Applications:

The main practical implications this study shows is that nutritional recommendations for athletes need to consider habitual energy intake and to express carbohydrate intake as grams carbohydrate per kilogram per day or grams carbohydrate per kilogram FFM per day.

Critique of the Study

This study was very scientific-based. When reading this article, most concepts were easy to understand. Also, this study was very organized and constructed properly. However, the authors did not interpret their findings in a “reader-friendly” way. In order to understand the results and practical implications, the reader needs to be educated in exercise science, exercise physiology, biomechanics, nutrition, and/or kinesiology. I would recommend more explanations to the so other professions can understand and learn about the effects of carbohydrate-loading prior and post exercise.

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Thread:: Influence of Resistance Exercise Training on Glucose Control in Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Post:: RE: Influence of Resistance Exercise Training on Glucose Control in Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Author:: Amanda Salinas

Posted Date:: November 24, 2012 1:39 PM
Status:: Published

Interesting study. diabetes is a major issue today its cool that they did a study focusing on exercise and diabetes. Exercise has always been said to be the best medicine and I think this study kind of proves that. I do agree that the diabetic group should have been larger sample size and the control group should have been more exact to the size of the women in the diabetic group. Great job!

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Thread:: The Influence of Caffeine on Soccer Performance
Post:: RE: The Influence of Caffeine on Soccer Performance
Author:: Amanda Salinas

Posted Date:: November 24, 2012 1:31 PM
Status:: Published

Good topic. Caffeine always interest me. Is always amazing to see how several studies have found it to increase speed after ingestion of it. The coingestion of both CHO and caffeine is an interesting combination but seems useful. Good job on your review.

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Thread:: Effects of multi-ingredient supplementation on resistance training in young males
Post:: Effects of multi-ingredient supplementation on resistance training in young males
Author:: Amanda Salinas

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 4:25 PM
Status:: Published

Amanda M. Salinas

KINE 5306

November 16, 2012

Research Review 4

A. Willems, M., Sallis, C., Haskell, J. (2012). Effects of multi-ingredient supplementation on resistance training in young males. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33/2012. Retrieved fromhttp://ehis.ebscohost.com.manowar.tamucc.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&hid=120&sid=0b342154-0fd9-4220-ae88-150c65507476%40sessionmgr115

B. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of multi-ingredient supplementation on resistance training in young males. Specifically, they used Maximuscle Cyclone to see what if any improvements it had on resistance training performance.

C. This study used 21 university aged, male participants. They were required to have at least 1 year of resistance training experience and could not have used any type of supplements for 6 weeks prior to the study. They were not allowed to do any unaccustomed physical activity for 72 hours and had to refrain from any exercise 24 hours prior to testing. This was a double-blind randomized protocol. Supplements were distributed on a weekly basis in unmarked containers. The supplement was a powered formula and participants were instructed to mix with 250ml of water in a shaker bottle. Maximmuscle Cyclone contains a variety of ingredients, dextrose, whey protein, creatine monohydrate, glutamine, HMB, potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, betaecdysterone, bioperine and chromium picolinate. There were 9 participants in the supplementation group they each consumed two daily dose of 60 g of the Maximuscle Cylone. The 7 participants of the placebo group received the placebo, maltodetrin. Each of the groups received the supplements first thing in the morning and then up to 15 minutes after resistance training. Both groups followed a high intensity training program for 12 weeks broken into two 6 week training programs and then into 4 week training phases. They trained four days a week working the 7 major regions of the body, chest, back, triceps, biceps, legs, shoulders and abdominals. Four sets of each exercise were done in a pyramid format. Repetitions started at 12 and decreased by 2 reps per set down to 6. The load started at 70% of their 1-RM and increased by 5% per set up to 85% 1-RM. There was a 1-2 minute rest between each set. The specific training tasks were 1-RM of bilateral bench press, 45 degree leg press and lateral pulls.

D. The use of the supplement Cyclone did not increase the 1-RM of lateral pulls but it did enhance the 1-RM of bilateral bench press and the 45 degree leg press.

E. This research seemed to be very brief, basic, and to the point. The study was done with good intentions. Examining the effects of a multi-ingredient supplement on resistance training showed that it did have some positive effects on strength and strength-endurance. They were very careful in making sure the same amounts of calories were consumed by both the Cyclone and placebo group. The resistance training program was pretty clear cut and they knew exactly what they were testing.

F. This was a good research topic and there is a huge chunk of the population that is dependent on some form of multi-ingredient supplementation. Everyone wants to take something that says it will increase strength and strength-endurance.

Unanswered Questions:

1. Why was there not an equal amount of placebo and Cyclone participants?

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Thread:: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Post:: RE: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Author:: Jasmine Richmond

Posted Date:: November 12, 2012 3:03 PM
Status:: Published

I know a lot of people that used to use Spark so it was very interesting to read some research on the product. I agree that the person's caffeine habits probably did have an effect on the results. Good work girl!

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Thread:: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Post:: RE: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Author:: Jasmine Richmond

Posted Date:: November 12, 2012 3:01 PM
Status:: Published

This was a very interesting study! Did it mention why they did not collect the first urination of the day? I've read a lot of studies where urine was collected and have never seen it done in that way before. I agree that having more subjects would have provided more detailed results. Good work!

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Thread:: Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power,ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion
Post:: Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power,ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion
Author:: Jasmine Richmond

Posted Date:: November 12, 2012 2:56 PM
Status:: Published

Jasmine Richmond

KINE 5306

11/12/12

Research Review 4

A. Zoeller, R. F., Stout, J. R., O'Kroy, J. A., Torok, D. J., & Mielke, M. (2007). Effects

of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on

aerobic power,ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to

exhaustion. Amino Acids, 33, 505-510.

B. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of beta-alanine (β-Ala) and/or creatine monohydrate (Cr) supplementation on lactate and ventilatory thresholds, VO_2peak, and time to exhaustion during a graded cycle exercise test.

C. Fifty-five men took part in this study. To qualify for the study the subjects had to have not ingested creatine, or any other supplements, for a least 12 weeks prior. Subjects maintained their exercise and dietary routines during the course of the subject as well as abstaining from caffeine, supplements, and nonprescription drugs. Subjects were assigned to one of the following supplement groups in a double blind fashion: placebo, Cr, β-Ala, or β-Ala plus Cr. Prior to and following the supplementation trial (the 4 weeks of ingesting the assigned supplement) subjects performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine their VO_2peak, ventilatory threshold (VT) and lactate threshold (LT). The post-test was conducted 24 hours after the end of the supplementation trial. For both testing sessions subjects came in having fasted for 3 hours. The LT was determined via blood lactate values against power output values and the VT was determined via a plot of ventilation against VO₂. This was used to determine eight indices of cardioresipratory endurance: VO_2peak, LT (VO₂), LT (watts), LT (% VO_speak), VT (VO₂), VT (watts), VT(% VO_2peak), and time to exhaustion (TTE).

D. The β-Ala+CR group showed a significant improvement in five of the eight indices (LT (VO₂), LT (watts), VT (VO₂), VT (watts), VT(% VO_2peak)). The CR group showed improvement in the power output at VT and TTE. The β-Ala group only showed an improvement for power output at LT. The placebo group showed a significant decrease in percent VO_2peak and LT power output, but an increase in TTE.

E. This study was well thought out and organized. The sample size was ample for this study and the variables were wisely chosen. It would have been interesting to know the training status/habits of the subjects and how that affected the results. The statistics used were also not explained very well in the methods section.

F. The practical application of this study is that is it more beneficial to take a supplement that has both Cr and β-Ala, compared to taking the two supplements separately. This is very beneficial information for trainers, strength and conditioning professionals, athletes and nutritionists to know so that they can guide their clients towards the best supplements available. This is most beneficial for endurance athletes since it showed an improvement for several cardiorespiratory indices.

Unanswered Questions:

•&νβσπ;Why were only men used for this study?

•&νβσπ;Why was a cycle ergometer chosen for the graded exercise test?

Attachment: File

Nutrition_Article4.pdf (105.258 KB)

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Thread:: Effect of acute mild dehydration on cognitive-motor performance in golf
Post:: RE: Effect of acute mild dehydration on cognitive-motor performance in golf
Author:: Justin Powell

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 7:50 AM
Status:: Published

Justin,

I like this this study, because it hits on a point that many people don't take into consideration with golf due to its slow pace. Though golf may be played at a slow pace it does ususally take four hours and is played in mainly hot and humid conditions. Both of these influence dehydration. Golf is one of the most mental sports there is today. Golfers are able to hit one shot then they have to walk all the way up to their ball thinking about the shot they had just made and how they are going to approach their next. I like the fact that this study was able to find that dehydration can play a role in negatively affecting distance, accuracy and distance judgement. This study is helpful because it allows coaches and golfers the knowledge of having to replenish themeselves during a round of golf in order to maximize their play. My only questions are what were what type of fluid were they using to hydrate the golfers and would a carbohydrate containing fluid add additional benefits?

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Thread:: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Post:: RE: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Author:: Justin Powell

Posted Date:: November 15, 2012 2:41 PM
Status:: Published

This study does a good job assessing the frequency of supplement use among U.S. Army Special Force qualified soldiers and non special force soldiers. However, I would have liked the questionaire to include a section that determined the type and amount of supplementation that each individual was consuming or consumed. I think this would have added some value to the results that were found in this study. I agree with you that if the surveys were multiple choice it leaves room for skewed results due to guessing; however, for this size of sample I think it may be the best way.

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Thread:: Effects of a Carbohydrate-, Protein-, and Ribose-containing Repletion Drink during 8 Weeks of Endurance Training on Aerobic Capacity, Endurance Performance, and Body Composition
Post:: Effects of a Carbohydrate-, Protein-, and Ribose-containing Repletion Drink during 8 Weeks of Endurance Training on Aerobic Capacity, Endurance Performance, and Body Composition
Author:: Justin Powell

Posted Date:: November 15, 2012 1:14 PM
Status:: Published

Research Review 4

Cramer, J. T., Housh, T. J., Johnson, G. O., Coburn, J. W., Stout, J. R. (2012). Effects of a Carbohydrate-, Protein-, and Ribose-containing Repletion Drink during 8 Weeks of Endurance Training on Aerobic Capacity, Endurance Performance, and Body Composition. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 26(8), 2234-2242.

Purpose of Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a carbohydrate-, protein-, ribose-containing repletion drink during 8 weeks of endurance training on aerobic capacity, endurance performance, and body composition.

Methods and Materials

This study consisted of thirty-two men with an age range of 23 ± 3 years volunteered for this study. Participants were required to be physically active between one to four hours per week. The individuals performed tests for aerobic capacity (VO2max), time to exhaustion (TTE) at 90% VO2max, percent body fat, and fat-free mass. Uses of nutritional supplements (such as ribose, protein drinks, creatine, and vitamins) were prohibited four weeks prior to the start of the study.

Study was a randomized, double-blind parallel study. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the treatment drink or the control group. The CON drink was designed to have the same caloric content, volume, taste and color as the TEST drink. All subjects were required to participate in an exercise training protocol consisting of one hour cycle ergometry exercise work bouts, performed five times a week, for eight weeks. Each subject underwent testing at four separate time intervals; pre-training (PRE), mid-training (MID3), mid-training at six weeks (MID6), and the final testing session (POST) after week eight. All tests consisted of a body composition assessment, an aerobic capacity test, and a fixed power output endurance test. Each lab visit was at the same time of day (±2 hours). Subjects rode at a power output that corresponded to 70% of their VO2max. Independent sample t-tests indicated no significant (p >.05) differences between the TEST and CON groups for the training power outputs. Subjects were asked to ingest their drink (TEST or CON) immediately after each training session in the laboratory. They were also told not to eat a meal outside of the laboratory for a minimum of one hour post exercise. Body composition was assessed using underwater weighing with correction for residual lung volume using the oxygen dilution method of Wilmore. Aerobic capacity test consisted of a five minute warm-up at 30 watts (W), followed by pedaling at 70 rpm at a power output of 60 W. The power output was increased 30 W every two minutes until the subject could no longer maintain 60 rpm. A fixed power output endurance test was conducted 48 hours after the body composition and aerobic capacity tests. Fixed power output endurance tests were conducted at PRE, MID3, MID6, and POST. Test consisted of a five minute warm-up at 30 W, followed by pedaling at 70 rpm at a power output that corresponded to 90% of the power output at VO2max as determined by the PRE aerobic capacity test. Subjects rode until they could no longer sustain 60 rpm. Time to exhaustion was recorded.

Summary of Results/Conclusion

Five separate two way mixed factorial analyses of variance (time [PRE, MID3, MID6, and POST] x group (TEST and CON) were used to analyze the Body weight, percent fat, fat free mass, VO2max, and time to exhaustion. The two way (time [PRE, MID3, MID6, and POST] x group (TEST and CON) mixed factorial ANOVAs for BW(p=.570), percent fat (p=.600), FFM(p=.728), VO2max (p=.806), and TTE (p=.253 indicated no significant time x group interactions, no main effects for group (p > .05), but significant (p≤.05) main effects for time for BW, percent fat, FFM, VO2max, and TTE. Marginal means for BW and percent fat decreased over time. For FFM the mean values decreased from MID3 to POST. Mean values for VO2max increased over time (PRE < MID3, MID6, and POST; MID3 < MID6 and POST, and MID6 < POST). Mean values for TTE increased over time (PRE < MID3, MID6, and POST; and MID3 < MID6 and POST).

In conclusion, results showed that there were no absolute mean differences between the TEST and CON supplement groups for the training-induced changes in BW, %fat, FFM, VO2max, or TTE.

Critique of the Study

This study was conducted very well and was able to cope with the limitations that accompany trying to monitor human nutrient consumption and timing. However, I would have liked to see the sample include females, as well as multiple age groups. This would be beneficial to investigate the effects that a multi-nutrient supplementation may have on the female gender as well as a younger and older sample group.

Practical Application

The findings suggest that there are no mean differences between the TEST and CON supplements groups for the training-induced changes in BW, %fat, FFM, VO2max, or TTE in men; however, the additional protein and ribose may have enhanced the loss of percent body fat and gain in Fat Free Mass that took place between the first 3-6 weeks. These acute increases in protein synthesis after consuming a CHO, PRO, and ribose containing supplement may be used by athletes and strength and conditioning coaches to promote these effects in order to enhance their performance within the time frame.

Questions

1. Why did this study choose to use a sample of strictly men?

2. Would a decrease in CHO along with an increase in PRO and D-ribose warrant any significant differences?

3. How can the supplementation of a CHO, PRO, and Ribose-containing supplement be used to prolong the increase in protein synthesis to chronic?

Attachment: File

Research Review 4.docx (20.456 KB)

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Thread:: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Post:: RE: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Author:: Brett McQueen

Posted Date:: November 19, 2012 1:57 PM
Status:: Published

More than just alcohol use in kids, if the studies show a significant reduction in the replenishment of muscle glycogen with alcohol in the system, why is beer still one of the leading post-marathon beverages passed out? Unfortunately, I think the societal trends have sparked an epidemic of alcohol use in athletes in general. The effects of which are battled all too often by healthcare professionals dealing with these kids (athletic trainers, physicians, emergency departments, etc.).

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Thread:: Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans
Post:: RE: Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans
Author:: Brett McQueen

Posted Date:: November 19, 2012 1:50 PM
Status:: Published

It would be interesting to see if the results would transfer to a population with a higher BMI. I agree with the statement it would have been interesting to view a lager sample size that also included female participants. However, for the cleanliness of research, I understand why it was likely done this way.

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Thread:: Beyond fast food and slow motion: Weighty contributors to the obesity epidemic
Post:: Beyond fast food and slow motion: Weighty contributors to the obesity epidemic
Author:: Brett McQueen

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 9:49 PM
Status:: Published

Cizza, G., & Rother, K. I. (2012). Beyond fast food andslow motion: Weighty contributors to the obesity epidemic. J EndocrinolInvest., 35(2), 236-242.

Purpose of the study:

Currently,the two causes of obesity are cited as decreased physical activity and amarket-driven increased consumption of processed and other non-whole foods.Even with the increase in clinical advances toward the understanding of adiposetissue and the endocrinology surrounding metabolism, many other causes remain lostpuzzle pieces in solving the obesity epidemic. Therefore, the purpose of this manuscriptis to review current acceptable treatments and investigate improvement of thesetreatments; along with making suggestions for the invention of new therapies. Thequestions used by these authors are as follows: Why do we eat more? Why do weexpend less energy? Is it something in or around us? Are we missing something?What are the current treatments for obesity?

Methods and Materials:

The authorsof the study cite body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, neck circumference,and other standard demographics as positive indicators of obesity; such as sex,age, and ethic group. For BMI, the authors defined: normal 18.5-24.9 kg/m²,obese from 25-29.9 kg/m², and obesity is >30 kg/m². Waistcircumference acceptable limits were cited as 102cm for men and 88cm for women.Specific numerical citations were not made regarding neck size; however, theauthors noted a high correlation between neck circumference and sleep medicineand cardiovascular risk factors. Further considerations evaluated were energyexpenditure of obese versus lean individuals. Lastly, a comparison of BMI normswas made between ethnic groups and nationalities.

Summary of Results and Conclusions:

The relevantquestions reviewed and discussed by the authors are: Why do we eat more? Why dowe expend less energy? Is it something in or around us? Are we missingsomething? What are the current treatments for obesity? Each of the answers tothese particular questions was particularly intriguing and offered valuablescientific insight to some contributing factors to obesity. Of the questions though,I found most interesting were: why do we eat more? Why do we expend lessenergy? And, the discussion on medical consequences of obesity.

Thequestion of “Why do we eat more?” is an interesting question and even moreinteresting answer depending on the individual questioned. The authors cited aprimary factor of the mind-body connection using food as a powerful modulatorof stress. Moreover, it is considered that we intake negatively nutrient basedfoods due to a pleasure sensation; similar to that of alcohol, tobacco, or druguse. Other science also suggests a positive correlation between stress andappetite as different neuropeptides are secreted during stressful times.

Thequestion of “Why do we expend less energy?” should be a fairly obvious responsegiven our increasingly sedentary workforce. At the same time, factors regardingbasal metabolic rates must be understood first. One study showed a comparisonof time active versus time sedentary between two groups of men and women, onelean and one obese. It was observed that the obese group spent an average oftwo and a half hours more per day in a sedentary position than the individualsin the lean group. In addition, this study took into account the same amount oftime spent working out for each group during the research period.

Whenreviewing other medical considerations that could weight factor into obesity,many common occurrences seem to be frequently overlooked. Recently though, astrong correlation between both depression and Alzheimer’s dementia has beenreported. With depression, many mood elevating properties may be removed fromobese individuals due to their condition or social stigma. Moreover, it istheorized obesity may be polygenic and displayed through gene pools along the sameroutes as depression symptoms. At the same time, dementia and or Alzheimer’sdisease may be now linked due to abnormal cortisol levels in obese individuals;though, the specific link is still unknown.

Critiques of the study:

Overall, Ifound this study to be relatively informative as to more of the scientificpathways in which obese individuals function versus lean individuals. Itfurther substantiated to me there are other factors associated with obesity ratherthan simply the commonly viewed appetite or food choice issues; though thesecould be simple corrections for a subject. It would have been nice; however, ifmore practical examples were discussed in relation to the endocrineabnormalities. An example of this may be an explanation into how a neuropeptidemay be manipulated by behavior.

Practical application:

Though itshould go without saying, when training a patient or client suffering fromobesity, many other factors should be considered outside of their need toexercise to achieve a more healthy weight. Appropriate referral to a physicianfor blood work panels should be considered to ensure training or dietcounseling is appropriate within your scope of practice. A physician or otherlicensed healthcare professional is more equip to identify and appropriatelymake a referral based on medical condition such as depression, suicidalideations, dementia, cardiovascular considerations, or diabetes; just to name afew examples. Moreover, I believe this article further substantiated the needfor this referral system to be in place for the strength and conditioningprofessional.

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Thread:: Effects of metered vs bolus water consumption on urine production and rehydration
Post:: RE: Effects of metered vs bolus water consumption on urine production and rehydration
Author:: Elizabeth Leal

Posted Date:: November 20, 2012 11:58 AM
Status:: Published

Great review! Your practical application makes complete sense and I agree with you about metered vs bolus.

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Thread:: The effects of Carbohydrate Restriction on Strength Performance
Post:: RE: The effects of Carbohydrate Restriction on Strength Performance
Author:: Elizabeth Leal

Posted Date:: November 20, 2012 11:54 AM
Status:: Published

Great review! Im not going to lie, I had to check this article out myself after reading your response. I do agree that there could be mutliple reasons as to why this study seemed to come up short in more ways than one.

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Thread:: Grape extract imporves antioxidant status and physical performane in elite male athletes
Post:: Grape extract imporves antioxidant status and physical performane in elite male athletes
Author:: Elizabeth Leal

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 1:06 PM
Status:: Published

Research Review #4

Lafay, S., Jan, C., Nardon, K., Lemaire, B., Ibarra, A., Roller, M., Houvenaeghel, M., Juhel, C.

& Cara, L. (2009). Grape extract improves antioxidant status and physical performance in elite male athletes.Journal Of Sports Science And Medicine, (3), 468

Purpose of Study

Excessive physical exercise by athletes tends to exhibit a substantial increase in antioxidant status when compared to healthy sedentary people. During competition, however, this improvement is not sufficient to limit free radical production which could be detrimental to the body (Lafay et al., 2009). The purpose of this study was to determine if the consumption of a grape extract (GE; Vitis vinifera L.) was able to improve the parameters related to (i) anti –oxidative status and oxidative stress and (ii) physical performance (Lafay et al., 2009).

Methods and Materials

After submitting a written consent, twenty elite (i.e. national leagues) male athletes were recruited for the purpose of this study. There were 10 handball players, 5 basketball players, 4 sprinters, and 1 volley ball player. The correlation between among these athletes is that they all participated in explosive sports while keeping elite standards. It should also be noted that the participants recruited each fulfilled an eligibility criteria. Some of the requirements included 1) practice of high level national intensive sports under non-stop training conditions over a one-month period, including competition, 2) no metabolic disorders, 3) no pharmacological treatment, antibiotic nor supplemental vitamin and mineral use over the 8 weeks prior to launch of study, and 4) no vegetarian, vegetalian nor deviated diet behavior (Lafay et al., 2009). The overall study was randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, and crossover designed. It was Dr. Lafay, the promoter, who was the sole member to have knowledge of the supplements; neither the M.D., coordinator, nor participants knew which were which. Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups and supplied with 400mg GE supplementation or 400mg of placebo (maltodextrin) under capsule (2 total) taken along with breakfast for one month. Afterwards, a washout period of two weeks occurred and the treatments were reversed. A questionnaire on food intake frequency was completed and intensity of training had to be equivalent among athletes.

Summary of Results/Conclusion

Biomarkers of antioxidant status and oxidative stress showed that volunteers who consumed whole grape extract capsules had a significant increase of the plasma antioxidant capacity. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method showed increase of capacity by 13 885 + 360 to 14 996 + 335umol after one month of GE supplementation. In review of effort tests, no significant effect was found regarding total physical performance, explosive power, and fatigue but due to the various sports training protocols had to be adjusted. To reduce variability, a criterion was used to find which results to use for statistical analysis. Handball was the choice and results showed that performance increases significantly during the GE supplementation. It has also evidenced unequivocal cross-relation between performance and CPK results (Lafay et al., 2009).

Critique of the study

The control of the study was done very well in that only one member knew the randomization codes to decipher between the GE supplement and placebo. It was also interesting to see that a cross over design was used to perform this study. It is something that I have not normally read or hear a lot. As well as the study was controlled, a noticeable crux to this study is that only 20participants were used. Had they all been in the same sport or been separated evenly according to sport maybe the testers would not have had to only resort to analyzing only handball players in parts of their tests.

Practical Application(s) of the Study

Results for this study can possibly encourage others to conduct further studies to confirm the efficacy and mechanisms of action of GE on elite and occasional athletes. The evidence found in this recent study suggested that the enhancement in performance might be caused by the protective action of GE during physical exercise (Lafay et al., 2009). This is enough to spark interest in possibly finding legal and possible safer alternative to enhancements.

Questions:

1. How would the results be if only one particular sport was used to participate in this study?

2. Why were there no equal amounts of participants per sport used? There was only one volleyball player and results found by this subject cannot hold true for his sport and performance.

3. Knowing now that training protocols had to be changed, what kind of changes would be done if this study were to ever be repeated?

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Thread:: Carbohydrate Loading
Post:: RE: Carbohydrate Loading
Author:: Jessica Korda

Posted Date:: November 20, 2012 11:12 AM
Status:: Published

Good article Morgan! I agree, the authors should have more of an explanation for people who are not familiar with the topic or field of study.

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Thread:: Effects of a Carbohydrate-, Protein-, and Ribose-containing Repletion Drink during 8 Weeks of Endurance Training on Aerobic Capacity, Endurance Performance, and Body Composition
Post:: RE: Effects of a Carbohydrate-, Protein-, and Ribose-containing Repletion Drink during 8 Weeks of Endurance Training on Aerobic Capacity, Endurance Performance, and Body Composition
Author:: Jessica Korda

Posted Date:: November 20, 2012 11:04 AM
Status:: Published

Good study Justin! I agree, the study should include females and multiple age groups.

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Thread:: Nutrition and Periodization in Three Elite Marathon Runners
Post:: Nutrition and Periodization in Three Elite Marathon Runners
Author:: Jessica Korda

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 3:57 PM
Status:: Published

Jessica Korda

Article Review 4

Citation:

Stellingwerff, T. (2012). Case Study: Nutrition and Training Periodization in Three Elite Marathon Runners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22, 392-400.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to characterize several periodized training and nutrition approaches leading to individualized race day fluid and fueling plans for three elite marathoners. The study was performed due to lab results that have demonstrated fueling and fluid strategies can enhance training adaptations and race day performance in athletes.

Materials/Methods:

Throughout the study the athletes kept detailed training logs on training volume, pace, and subjective ratings of perceived exertion for every training session over a sixteen-week period before the day of the race. Two nutritional techniques were implemented into the study. They were periodic low carbohydrate availability training and individualized carbohydrate and fluid intake assessments. During this time the athlete participated in on average thirteen training sessions per week for a total average training volume of 182 km/wk and peak volume of 231 km/wk. There was 2.5 +/-2.3 low carbohydrate availability training bouts per week. The day of the race the athletes consumed 61+/-15g of carbohydrates in 604+/-156 ml per hour.

Summary of Results/Conclusion:

The result of the study showed, that when taken together, the nutritional and periodized training approaches were successful when applied to elite marathon runners in training and competition. The runners marathon times were personal best.

Critique of the Study:

The study was well organized and displayed a fair amount of information. There are a few changes I would make to this study. I would include more athletes to participate in the study. I would also have more populations than just an elite runner, I would include people who are not as experienced and I would also include females and not just males.

Practical Application of the Study:

This study can help elite runners, who are trying to decide the type of training and nutrition they want to add to their diet. This will help them decide the proper start time for training to help them be successful.

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Thread:: Grape extract imporves antioxidant status and physical performane in elite male athletes
Post:: RE: Grape extract imporves antioxidant status and physical performane in elite male athletes
Author:: Lindsey Hough

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 9:39 PM
Status:: Published

This is a great study - I've heard of berries having this effect but associated grapes with a bigger sugar content and not really as antioxidants as much. Interesting!

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Thread:: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Post:: RE: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Author:: Lindsey Hough

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 9:37 PM
Status:: Published

This doesn't make sense to me when applied to a high school population - the level of talent is such that in most cases one could show up having drank the night before and still somewhat get by. The effects of alcohol on a collegiate level would be interesting - it's not so easy there fake it:).

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Thread:: Elite Women Bodybuilders and Nutritional Misconceptions
Post:: RE: Elite Women Bodybuilders and Nutritional Misconceptions
Author:: Lindsey Hough

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 9:30 PM
Status:: Published

This is great to read about the side note of positive body image, no preoccupations, no engagements in crash dieting or fasting - phew. Sometimes I tend to think women strive for goals like "compete in a figure competition" in hopes of getting in shape, but end up going too far. Great review.

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Thread:: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Athletics
Post:: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Athletics
Author:: Lindsey Hough

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 1:21 PM
Status:: Published

Please write out the reference for your article. APA format is recommended.

Simopoulous, A.P. (2007). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Athletics. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 6, 230-236.

A) Was there an explicitly state purpose? What was that purpose?

There is no explicitly-stated purpose to this article. This article explores ω-3 fatty acids in the context of athletics.

B) Were the data that were used truly pertinent to the purpose? Were they the best data that could have been used for the purpose? Comment.

This report is based on research conducted by Dr. Simopoulous to bring attention to the shift in fat consumption that has taken place in a relatively time frame compared to the long-enduring, slow changes that occur in the human genome. Dr. Simopoulous comes from the perspective that the human diet has changed over the past 10,000-15,000 years, while the most radical of those have occurred within the past 150 years in the amount and type of fat consumed by humans. Whereas major changes in terms of diet and physical activity have been dramatic, the human genetic profile has changed very little, if any, in the past 15,000 years. Western societies are now marked by sedentary lifestyles and obesity, while “diseases of comfort” are becoming more prevalent due to these lifestyles among a nutritionally-saturated environment.

Against the backdrop of an unchanged genome, and considering humans evolved on a diet in which there was a balance between ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids, this ration is how 10:1 and 20:1 instead of 1:1, as it once was.

A) Were the data gathered properly? For example, if sampling was involved, were the data obtained by an adequately random method? Briefly outline the methods used and comment.

No data were gathered in this research report. Rather, Dr. Simopoulous garnered information from a number of credible resources for his argument that for the majority of athletes, especially those at the leisure level, general guidelines should include EPA and DHA of about 1 to 2 g/d at a ratio of EPA:DHA of 2:1. Dr. Simopoulous argues that due to increases in amounts of ω-6 fatty acids, our diets have shifted from a physiologic state to one that is prothrombotic (condition leading to clotting in a blood vessel, obstructing circulation) and proaggregatory (definition unclear), with increases in blood

ω-3 fatty acids, on the other hand, are anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic, and vasodilatory, which help with excessive radical formation and trauma during high-intensity exercise (this can be worsened by a high amount of ω-6 fatty acids provided by Western diets).

B) If observations of people were part of the data-gathering process, were the observations as unobtrusive as possible under the circumstances? Comment.

No observations occurred in this research study. However, Dr. Simopoulous included data showing the effects of ω-3 fatty acids and physical activity on the aging process. He deduced that in the athletic setting, the ω-3 fatty acids are essential for overall health of the athlete because they increase fatty acid oxidation, as does exercise, and increase the production of endogenous antioxidant enzymes like catalase, among others. Both exercise and ω-3 fatty acids increase insulin sensitivity to prevent hyperglycemia, increase oxygen delivery to the heart, and improve overall cardiovascularity. His point is that not only has ω-3 consumption declined, but so has exercise, leading to a double-negative effect on the human genome.

A) Were the data suitably studied and analyzed? For example, if the analysis was statistical in nature, were suitable statistical procedures chosen and were they properly applied to the data? State what stat methods were used and comment.

No statistical procedures took place; rather, Dr. Simopoulous discusses the combined effects of ω-3 fatty acids and exercise on risk factors of chronic diseases, from depression, triglycerides, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, fat mass, etc. He argues that while exercise does affect fatty acid composition, the type of fatty acid is also part of the formation of muscle membrane in humans during exercise. Additionally, which training improves other things like insulin sensitivity etc., these factors are also linked to structural lipids in skeletal muscle. He pointed to a study that found that the ratio between ω-6 and ω-3 was significantly lower in the trained than the untrained legs of a cohort of men, among other aggregated studies.

B) Did the investigator overlook analytic procedures that could have been applied? Comment.

There were no statistical procedures for this research report.

Were the reported results based strictly on the outcome of the study or analysis of the data or are there findings that seem unsupported by the analysis? Comment.

Dr. Simopoulous argues that fatty acids have been a part of our diet since the beginning of time and should not be eliminated; however, before the agricultural revolution, humans consumed about equal amounts of both ω-6 and ω-3 types, whereas current rations resemble 10:1 to 20:1 instead of a balanced 1:1, as was the case prior to agribusiness. Meanwhile, our human genome has changed relatively little to accommodate such a shift in consumption, hence the influx of illness and disease due to diet and a sedentary lifestyle. There are various opposing metabolic factors between ω-6 (found in many vegetable oils) and ω-3 fatty acids, which is why the (low) balance of the two is so important for health. Meanwhile, exercise and physical activity have been linked to lower risks for diseases and mimic the effects of ω-3 fatty acids; both increase basal metabolic rate, insulin sensitivity, nitric oxide production, bone density, etc.

6. Does the investigator's interpretation of the results make sense? Does the interpretation appear to reflect in a reasonable way both the strict results and the overall situation or problem?

For athletes, the implications of the results are this: ω-3 fatty acids have an opposing effect than ω-6, mimic positive effects of exercise, and should therefore be utilized in conjunction with ω-3’s to enhance performance. ω-3’s have anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic, and antiproliferative properties to account for their beneficial effects, and are therefore great especially when an athlete is undergoing traumatic, intense training. Basic alterations such as eliminating corn oil and soybean oils, and substituting olive oil, is an example of a simple diet adaptation. Dr. Simpopoulous recommends a more balanced, lower ratio and inclusion of EPA and DHA of about 1-2 g/d at a ratio of 2:1.

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Thread:: Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power,ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion
Post:: RE: Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power,ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion
Author:: Chelsea Hillis

Posted Date:: November 13, 2012 12:54 PM
Status:: Published

I'm on the same page as Dara. In most of the studies I did I asked the same question as to why that only men are used. I'm not a feminist, but I would also like to see what the result would be for women. Good Job Jaz! :)

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Thread:: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Post:: RE: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Author:: Chelsea Hillis

Posted Date:: November 13, 2012 12:52 PM
Status:: Published

Hey Tim!

This was really interesting. This is probably going to sound shallow, but I really enjoy reading studies done on people from different countries ect. I often am so narrow minded to just people in the United States, so its really cool to me when I read something out of the box :)

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Thread:: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Post:: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Author:: Chelsea Hillis

Posted Date:: November 11, 2012 2:43 PM
Status:: Published

Consumption of energy drinks is common among athletes; however, there is a lack of research on the efficacy
of these beverages for short-duration, intense exercise. The purpose of this research was to investigate the
acute effects of a low-calorie caffeine-taurine energy drink (AdvoCare Spark) on repeated sprint performance
and anaerobic power in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players. Twenty football
players (age 19.7 ± 1.8 yr, height 184.9 ± 5.3 cm, weight 100.3 ± 21.7 kg) participated in a double-blind,
randomized crossover study in which they received the energy drink or an isoenergetic, isovolumetric, noncaffeinated
placebo in 2 trials separated by 7 days. The Running Based Anaerobic Sprint Test, consisting of
six 35-m sprints with 10 s of rest between sprints, was used to assess anaerobic power. Sprint times were
recorded with an automatic electronic timer. The beverage treatment did not significantly affect power (F =
3.84, p = .066) or sprint time (F = 3.06, p = .097). However, there was a significant interaction effect between
caffeine use and the beverage for sprint times (F = 4.62, p = .045), as well as for anaerobic power (F = 5.40,
p = .032), indicating a confounding effect. In conclusion, a caffeine-taurine energy drink did not improve the
sprint performance or anaerobic power of college football players, but the level of caffeine use by the athletes
likely influenced the effect of the drink.

Attachment: File

Article 4 Review.docx (11.771 KB)

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Thread:: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Post:: RE: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Author:: Benjamin Hicks

Posted Date:: November 28, 2012 6:14 PM
Status:: Published

With my experience as a collegiate cross country runner and being involved in situations where heavy drinking was done the night before a long run, I can say there were times that your running felt great. Long runs were usually any where from 90 to 100 minute runs at a moderate to easy pace. Of course we were not conducting research when this occurred but now that I think about it, it is interesting to see how good the long run felt after a heavy night of drinking. I would like to see research conducted on this to help better understand the consequences. This could be used in practical applications to help educate athletes in all sports so they do not feel as pressured when the situation arises.

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Thread:: Beyond fast food and slow motion: Weighty contributors to the obesity epidemic
Post:: RE: Beyond fast food and slow motion: Weighty contributors to the obesity epidemic
Author:: Benjamin Hicks

Posted Date:: November 28, 2012 5:55 PM
Status:: Published

I find this topic extremely interesting. As a certified athletic trainer I approach a patient's rehabilitation with a whole body approach. As clinicians we are learning more and more that we must address the entire body to effectively correct an issue, rather than an isolation method. Since we are realizing that this approach is much more effective from the physical standpoint, I think a much more inclusive and holistic approach for conditions like obesity, anorexia, and bulimia must be considered. The body works like a chain physically, psychologically, and physiologically so we can not simply address one aspect and not expect to affect another.

This was a great article and really got me to think. I look forward to reading more research related to this topic.

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Thread:: Inadequate Carbohydrate Intake Following Prolonged Exercise Does Not Increase Muscle Soreness After 15 Minutes of Downhill Running
Post:: Inadequate Carbohydrate Intake Following Prolonged Exercise Does Not Increase Muscle Soreness After 15 Minutes of Downhill Running
Author:: Benjamin Hicks

Posted Date:: November 15, 2012 8:31 PM
Status:: Published

A. Citation

Nelson , M. R., Conlee, R. K., Parcell, A. C., (2004). Inadequate Carbohydrate Intake Following Prolonged Exercise Does Not Increase Muscle Soreness After 15 Minutes of Downhill Running. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14: 171-184.

B. Purpose of Study

This study was performed to find if greater muscle soreness, stiffness, injury, and dysfunction was present in glycogen-depleted subjects compared to subjects with normal glycogen content.

C. Methods & Materials

Thirty-three male subjects between the ages of 18-35 were recruited and randomly put into three groups. The depletion group (DEP) went through a depletion protocol, fasted for 12 hours, and then performed an eccentric treatment protocol. The repletion group (FED) underwent a glycogen depletion protocol, followed immediately by a meal that is designed to replenish glycogen, before going through the eccentric treatment protocol 12 hours later. The meal consisted of 80% carbohydrates, 10% fat, and 10% protein. The third group (ECC) was a control and only participated in the eccentric treatment.

Before the exercises began, the VO_2max was determined for each subject using an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer. The cycling protocol was a concentric activity that would not induce DOMS. Once this data was collected for each subject the protocols for each group began.

The depletion protocol depleted both the slow- and fast-twitch muscle fibers of glycogen in the quadriceps using an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer for 1.5 hours at a work load that was 60% of their VO_2max. Subjects performed six 1 minute sprints at 150% of their VO_2max and ten minute rests were given between each sprint. This depletion protocol has been shown to deplete glycogen stores.

The eccentric protocol to induce DOMS was performed on all of the group’ s 12 hours after the glycogen depletion protocol. During the first 5 minutes of the protocol the subjects were required to get their heart rate to 170 bpm. Once this was done, the treadmill changed its slope to 10% while the speed remained the same and the subjects ran for a total of 15 minutes. The protocol was modified for the subject to run 15 minutes to reduce the risk of severe DOMS.

Measurements were taken on perceived muscle soreness, maximal isometric force, relaxed limb angle, and thigh circumference, 1 day prior to and on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 after the eccentric exercise treatments. Perceived muscle soreness was measured when contracting the quadriceps, using a horizontal visual analogue scale from 0-10. Zero represented no pain and 10 represented very, very sore. Maximal isometric force was measured using a BIODEX System 3 Isokinetic Dynanometer. Relaxed limb angle was measured using the lateral malleolus, the lateral head of the tibia, and the anterior inferior iliac spine as reference point for the goniometer. Thigh circumference was determined using a Gulick tape measure at one fourth and a half the distance up the thigh from the top of the patella to the inguinal line while the subject was in a standing position.

Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA. The dependent variables were subjective muscle soreness, maximal isometric force, relaxed knee angle, and thigh circumference. Independent variables were time and group and were accepted as significant at a p< .05. All data were analyzed using SAS 8.0.

D. Summary of Results/Conclusion

No significant findings were assessed between any of the groups in any of the measured variables at any point during the study. Muscle soreness, thigh circumference, and relaxed knee angle were significantly different from baseline on days 1, 2, and 3 post exercises. Maximal isometric force was statistically different from baseline measurements for 4 days post treatment. In this study, 15 minutes of downhill running was sufficient enough to induce DOMS. Also, muscle strength, relaxed knee angle, thigh circumference, and perceived muscle soreness indirectly demonstrated muscle damage. The hypothesis of this study was incorrect. An inadequate diet of carbohydrates after glycogen-depleting exercise does not predispose someone to have muscle dysfunction or soreness.

E. Critique of the Study

I liked the idea of this study but I thought the number of dependent variables that were being measured should have been limited to only one or two. More credible methods should have been performed during this study to help collect more accurate data. A few limitations they explained could have come from not directly measuring muscle glycogen levels in their subjects. The other limitation could come from the muscle fibers being depleted in the bicycle protocol were not recruited during the treadmill protocol. I think another limitation in this study is the use of subjects who were untrained. This could have changed results since; their bodies are not regularly submitted to these types of environments. I think the concept behind this study is great, but more studies need to be done in order to create a better conclusion.

F. Practical Application

A practical application of this study is the evidence of more research needing to be done on this topic before solid conclusions can be made. This can also be used by coaches, athletic trainers, and strength coaches to educate their athletes or patients on what is true and what is a myth. Runners can have a tendency to fall victim to statements about when to consume certain nutrients, when little to no evidence is available.

G. Questions

- Why weren’t male and female subjects compared?

- Why weren’t blood glycogen levels taken to make sure there was depletion?

- Why wasn’t a depletion glycogen depletion protocol done on the treadmill since that is where the downhill protocol took place?

- Would a downhill protocol on a real hill show different results, since there would be no belt for the subject to try to keep up with, like on a treadmill?

Attachment: File

Inadequate Carbohydrate Intake Following Prolonged Exercise Does Not Increase Muscle Soreness After 15 Min. of Downhill Running.pdf (1.648 MB)

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Thread:: Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans
Post:: RE: Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans
Author:: Timothy Gabriel

Posted Date:: November 15, 2012 12:36 PM
Status:: Published

I agree with you that a greater number of participants would have been better and also the inclusion of women would help. My research paper is on dietary supplements and green tea has shown potential to be an effective weight loss supplement. Way to rock it!

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Thread:: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Post:: RE: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Author:: Timothy Gabriel

Posted Date:: November 15, 2012 12:28 PM
Status:: Published

As a soldier myself having been on 3 deployments to Kuwait and Iraq, I have seen a great deal of my fellow soldiers using supplements and not having the greatest knowledge as to what they were using. Also, the only resources to obtain the knowledge about supplements is limited and often times can only be from magazines and friends. Moreover, the PX sells supplements and because of this most soldiers think that they are safe to use and therefore do not investigate the products they are looking to use any further then the before mentioned resources. I agree that there should be a better education about nutrition and supplement use. Sadly, it takes forever for anything to change in the military!

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Thread:: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Post:: RE: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Author:: Timothy Gabriel

Posted Date:: November 15, 2012 8:37 AM
Status:: Published

No it did not say as to why the first urination of the day was discarded. I thought that was interesting to have them do that.

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Thread:: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Post:: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Author:: Timothy Gabriel

Posted Date:: November 1, 2012 10:17 AM
Status:: Published

A. Kim, H., Lee, S., and Choue. T. 2011. Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 8-10.

B. The purpose of this study was to assess the metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise.

C. Eight Korean bodybuilders participated in this study. These bodybuilders had been training for over two years and had competed or won different competitions. Dietary intake was assessed using a three-day food record and also each athlete disclosed the supplements they were taking. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to gain body weight (kg), fat mass (kg, %), and lean body mass (kg) and body mass index (BMI) was also recorded. After 12 hours of fasting blood samples were taken measuring serum albumin, total protein, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glucose, insulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium. The Daugirda method was used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The individuals tested collected their urine for a 24-houir period except for the first urination of the day. After the first urination the rest was collected and total volume, pH, osmolality and concentration of urinary urea nitrogen (UUN), creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium were determined. Automated chemistry analyzer was used to analyze the specimens except for serum insulin, which was measured using electrohemiluminescence immunoassay. SAS version 9.1 was used for statistical analyses and all numerical values were expressed as mean ± SD.

D. The average diet for the individuals tested was 5700 kcal/day: 4,948.7 ± 1,690.5 kcal from diets and 673.1 ± 704.2 kcal from supplements. The proportion (%) of macronutrients to total calorie consumption was 34: 30:36 (carbohydrates: protein: fat). Carbohydrate consumption was low while protein and fat was higher than recommended amounts for energy acquisition. Supplementary products for macronutrients was 14:66:20 and about 28% of total protein was obtained from supplementary products with 5% and 7% of carbohydrates and fat, respectively, was gained from supplementary products. Also, daily intakes of calcium and phosphate was 2,177.6 ± 1,588.5 mg and 3,268.6 ± 1,023.3 mg, respectively. Values for albumin and total protein were within the normal ranges. The average value of GOT was 41.0 ± 19.3 IU/l, was above the reference value. Half of the individuals had a GOT value greater than 40 mg/ dl, while a GPT level was within normal reference value. Serum glucose (95.0 ± 7.6 mg/dl) and insulin (2.9 ± 1.9 μU/ml) levels were within the normal reference range. The BUN level was within normal ranges (19.9 ± 4.5 mg/dl), and the serum creatinine level was on the upper limit of normal (1.3 ± 0.1 mg/dl). BUN and serum creatinine levels were elevated in 25% and 50% of the participants, respectively. Mean value of glomerualr filtration rate (GFR) was 112.8 ± 19.4 ml/ min/1.73 m2, and it was elevated in 25% of participants. Calcium, phosphate and sodium, serum mineral levels, were all within the acceptable values. Average level of serum potassium (5.9 ± 0.8 mmol/ L, range of 5.1-7.2 mmol/L) was above the normal range (3.5-5.5 mmol/L). Fifty percent of the individuals had values of potassium higher than the upper limit of reference values. The total 24-hour urine volume was 1,775.0 ± 489.2 ml/day, and the urinary pH was 6.3 ± 0.4. Urine osmolality was 810.8 ± 162.8 mosm./kg. Daily excretion of UUN was 24.7 ± 9.5 g/d, and all participants except one had a high value above normal. Urine creatinine was 2.3 ± 0.7 g/d and appeared to be higher than the reference range. Five (62.5%) individuals had elevated urine creatinine. Urinary excretion of calcium was 0.3 ± 0.1 g/d, which was above the upper limits, and 37.5% of individuals had elevated value of urinary calcium. Urinary phosphate was 1.3 ± 0.4 g/d and was elevated in four individuals. The urinary excretions of sodium and potassium was 91.8 ± 53.9 and 72.9 ± 33.7 mmol/d, respectively.

Protein levels for the individuals were 5 times higher than that of the normal individual and showed that excretion of some vitamins and minerals were higher than normal also. These higher levels of vitamin and mineral excretion can cause elevated health risks, such as acidosis, which can lead negative effects.

E. It would have been interesting to see a larger number of individuals in this study for a more diverse range of information or even population that performed less intense resistance training to compare the results against. Other than those for mentioned issues the study was done very well and the results provide a great deal of information to be used or base further studies upon.

F. The practical application of this study would be to show athletes that there can be major implications of a high protein diet. If ingesting high amounts of protein it might be necessary to supplement with multivitamin supplements to offset the higher amounts excreted. Also, in most cases it might not be unpractical due to the higher levels of risk factors to consume elevated amounts of protein.

1. What would the results be if a higher number of individuals were used in this study?

2. What would the results be based on less intense training?

Attachment: File

Korean elite bodybuilders.pdf (226.477 KB)

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Thread:: The effects of Carbohydrate Restriction on Strength Performance
Post:: RE: The effects of Carbohydrate Restriction on Strength Performance
Author:: Sheena Forero

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 9:10 PM
Status:: Published

Interesting topic! Not sure how much I agree with this study only due to personal experience and testimonies from competitive bodybuilers and figure competitiors that experience training on a very low carb phase pre competition prep.

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Thread:: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Post:: RE: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Author:: Sheena Forero

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 9:02 PM
Status:: Published

Interesting topic....I personally find that my athletic performance in running long distance tends to be better after a night of drinking (nothing excess of course), but this is probably my way of carb loading : )

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Thread:: Elite Women Bodybuilders and Nutritional Misconceptions
Post:: Elite Women Bodybuilders and Nutritional Misconceptions
Author:: Sheena Forero

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 6:13 PM
Status:: Published

Elite women bodybuilders: Ironing out nutritional misconceptions.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to explore the nutritional perceptions and practices of elite women bodybuilders from a controlled research perspective.

Methods:

The study used thirteen elite female bodybuilders living in southern California and in the Midwest to serve as subjects. This sample included 10 Caucasians, 2 African Americans, and 1 Native American, ranging in age from 28-36 years and in competitive status from local to professional champions. Two questionnaires were used in the study. The first, The Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), is a self-report inventory that assesses attitudinal and behavioral aspects of the body image construct. The second instrument, Nutritional Perceptions and Practices of Bodybuilders (NPPB), consists of approximately 200 times, 2o of which elicit demographical data, and 9 that yield a body preoccupation scale assessing the same body areas as the BASS subscale of the MBSRQ (this instrument was developed specifically for the purposes of this study and, thus, has not undergone thorough psychometric assessment). The questions are designed to measure anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, motivations for weight control (health, appearance, performance) perceptions regarding the body (body composition, shape, appearance), training behaviors, and reasons for bodybuilding also are determined. Interviews in the investigation consisted primarily of open-ended questions and were standardized to minimize interviewer-related error.

Summary/Results:

Chiefly, this study explores the nutritional world of elite women bodybuilders. Rigorous dieting plays a big role in bodybuilding and it has been hypothesized that women bodybuilders are likely to develop unhealthy eating attitudes and behaviors. However, the findings of this study highlight improved body image and nutritional habits for this sample of 13 women. It demonstrated that these women have a positive body image, no preoccupations with certain aspects of their bodies, and no engagements in crash dieting and fasting to control weight. Another noteworthy finding was 4 of the 13 subjects overcame eating disorders during their course of their bodybuilding training.

Questions:

1. Why were no hispanics part of the sample?

2. Why not investigate pro bikini competitiors? Figure competitiors? Physique competitors?

3. Could they have in asked questions about steriods to obtain the ideal body image?

Article:

Guthrie, S. R., Ferguson, C., & Grimmett, D. (1994). Elite women bodybuilders: Ironing out nu tritional misconceptions. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 271-286.

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Thread:: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Post:: RE: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Author:: Garrett Fletcher

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 10:45 AM
Status:: Published

That was a pretty cool review, and falls under a lot of what I'm doing for my independent study. Can you send me the PDF of this article so I can read it all myself? Good Job Laura

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Thread:: Cranberries aren't only for Thanksgiving!
Post:: RE: Cranberries aren't only for Thanksgiving!
Author:: Garrett Fletcher

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 10:44 AM
Status:: Published

Hahahaha! Your title was pretty funny and got me to read your review. You actually got me to want to hear what you had to say about something. hahaha! JK JK JK :-P Good Job Liz! Have a happy thanksgiving!

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Thread:: Effects of metered vs bolus water consumption on urine production and rehydration
Post:: Effects of metered vs bolus water consumption on urine production and rehydration
Author:: Garrett Fletcher

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 10:42 AM
Status:: Published

RESEARCH REVIEW #4: Advanced Nutrition

A. Source

Jones, E., Bishop, P., Green, J., and Richardson, M., (2010). Effects of metered versus bolus water consumption on urine production and rehydration. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. (20), pp.139-144.

B. Purpose of Study

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of metered versus bolus water consumption on urine production and rehydration.

C. Methods and Materials

The study used eighty volunteer healthy men, descriptive statistics were obtained from each subject and were all asked to document nutritional behaviors (i.e. all food and fluid consumption) for the day before testing. In addition, they were asked to fast 12 hours the night before testing day, but they were allowed to drink 500ml of water at 9pm. This was to ensure and help each subject achieve a state of euhydration for the following day. Also, subjects were requested to avoid drinking any other forms of fluid outside of what was provided on testing day, as well as avoid intense exercising the day before and day of testing.

On testing day, subjects had predehydration weight taken by emptying their bladders and then stepping on the scale. The authors then achieved dehydration in participants through moderate intensity physical activity (self-selected) consisting of periods of walking. After ever 40 minutes of exercise each participant undressed, dried off and weighed-in until they lost 2% of their predehydration weight. Subtracting this weight from the predehydration weight was the method used to determine/estimate the amount of fluid lost. Afterwards, subjects were fed breakfast or lunch and given water with very strict instructions about water consumption (two techniques). The two techniques used for rehydration were consuming a large bolus equal to 100% of fluid lost in the 60 minutes of exercise. The second was metered rehydration, which consisted of intermittent consumption of water (equal to 100% fluid lost) over a 4-hour period after exercise. Both trials were completed the same day of the week, with 7 days separating them to avoid problems in various daily habits. Urine was collected for 8 hours after exercise; each collection was done separately to analyze the rate of production over time. Furthermore, the authors also mention “hydration efficiency” being the most important variable in the study, which is the ration of the amount of fluid retained to the total amount of fluid consumed.

D. Summary of Results/Conclusion

After collection, data was compared through the use of a repeated-measures ANOVA to determine if there were any significant differences in rates of urine production within and between all trials. Also, paired sample T-tests were used to find differences between bolus and metered rehydration techniques. (significance was found when p</= 0.05). Mean urine production for the bolus trial were 700 +/- 220ml, which was significantly higher (p<0.05, p=0.018) than the mean urine production in the metered trial, 480+/- 203ml. The mean hydration efficiency ratio for the bolus trial was 55% +/- 18%, where the metered trial was 75% +/- 12% (p,0.05, p=0.028). The mean rate of urine production that was collected 4-hours after exercise and 8-hours after exercises was then examined. In the first 4-hours, urine production was 178+/-184ml for the metered trial, which happened to be significantly lower (p<0.05, p=0.02) than the bolus trial showing 428+/-216ml. However, no significant differences were found in the second 4-hours after exercise.

The authors point out that the results show a 20% increase in hydration efficiency with a metered rehydration technique compared to a bolus rehydration technique. These results support the findings from the authors’ lit review that it appears the kidneys are “overstimulated” when a bolus rehydration technique is used, which increases urine production. In turn, that would increase the time it will take to return to a euhydration state. This would suggest metered rehydration styles are the best methods for reaching euhydration post exercise. However, the authors pointed out several studies have shown consuming fluid amounts equivalent to 150% of the lost body weight from exercise is the most effective method to achieve euhydration in a short period of time. Furthemore, the authors point out their results from this study may have less practical value than it appears when availability and amounts of fluids are unlimited for ingestion post-exercise.

E. Critique of Study

I enjoyed this study because I have read and heard about the other studies involving rehydration methods through my other courses in undergrad and through articles and the text for our advanced sport nutrition class. The abstract of this study is honestly what hooked my attention, because of my prior knowledge on this issue. The abstract, the methods and statistical analysis were all done very well. Interestingly, I have to admit I was getting frustrated during the methods section because they seemed to have failed at mentioning how they selected a bolus and metered rehydration group, but eventually the authors explained why they used all 80 subjects for both rehydration techniques. In short, if I had to critique one thing negatively about the study I would suggest they put this information in the beginning of the methods section right after subject selection for the actual study itself.

F. Practical Application

Since majority of the people and athletes in our country have unlimited access to fluids for rehydration I partially agree with the results of this study having lesser value for application to the real world. However, I also believe there is high value in this study for a smaller percentage of people in special populations. For example, the finding in this study can be very applicable for special populations like military Special Forces, wild land fire fighters or those in survival situations. If your plane happens to make an emergency crash landing in the middle of a desert and everyone survives there is going to be a very limited sources of fluid to stay hydrated. This means each survivor will not be able to ingest 150% of their body weight lost from dehydration in the desert or they will completely run out of all water sources extremely fast. If people are to consume large amounts of fluids at once they will go through stores of fluids much faster, they will increase urine production and reduce rehydration efficiency. In brief, in this situation it would be wise to utilize findings of this study and make sure everyone consumes measured amounts of fluid over several hours during the day and stay in the shade as much as possible.

Attachment: File

RESEARCH REVIEW #4- metered vs bolus water consumption.docx (127.621 KB)

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Thread:: Nutrition and Periodization in Three Elite Marathon Runners
Post:: RE: Nutrition and Periodization in Three Elite Marathon Runners
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: November 20, 2012 1:22 PM
Status:: Published

Nutrition periodization is a really hot topic right now. Look up Bob Seebohar if you want more info. He is an endurance guy, but his info can be applied to diverse groups.

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Thread:: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Post:: RE: Metabolic responses to high protein diet in Korean elite bodybuilders with high-intensity resistance exercise
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: November 20, 2012 12:56 PM
Status:: Published

When ingesting that much protein there is almost no way to do it without supplementation.

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Thread:: Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power,ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion
Post:: RE: Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power,ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion
Author:: Dara Dalton

Posted Date:: November 12, 2012 5:16 PM
Status:: Published

I almost always ask the same "why men only" question at the end of my review.I know females are not typically used because of the fluctuations that go on in our bodies, especially when it comes to our menses and hormones. Apparently it is complicated to conduct nutritional tests because of this OR due to the possibilty of having skewed results. Either way, women are hardly used in research unless the research is specifically meant for female testing. This study was interesting. I have always wondered if a creatine supplement is beneficial and aids or not.

Great job on the review.

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Thread:: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Post:: RE: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Author:: Dara Dalton

Posted Date:: November 12, 2012 11:42 AM
Status:: Published

I like to read that the energy drink did not supplement performance. I write this because I do not believe in energy drinks helping any kind of beneficial performance except aiding the body in taking unnecessary calories.

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Thread:: Sodium Bicardonate Supplementation Ingestion and Timing
Post:: Sodium Bicardonate Supplementation Ingestion and Timing
Author:: Dara Dalton

Posted Date:: October 15, 2012 10:36 AM
Status:: Published

Research Review Assignment IV

A. Research by Siegler, JC, Marshall, PWM, Bray, J, Towlson, C. Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation and Ingestion Timing: Does it matter? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(7): 1953 - 1933, 2012.

B. Inducing an alkalotic shift in acid-base balance of the blood to improve performance has been practiced for almost three decades. It is thought that ingesting a certain amount (0.3 g/kg/bw) of sodium bicarbonate will increase the concentration of the body’s primary blood-buffering bicarbonate (HCO3) thus enhancing the capacity to reduce undue proton construction during long-term high intensity exercise. The focus on this study was to investigate and determine whether or not ingesting the standard amount of sodium (Na) bicarbonate (HCO3) supplementation with various timing would influence repeated sprint ability.

C. Eight physically active, aerobically trained men volunteered for the study. The participants were randomized according to laboratory testing on four separate occasions over the course of one month. They were asked to avoid intense exercise twenty-four hours and limit water consumption three hours prior to each testing session. All subjects refrained from other supplementation and vitamin ingestion during the course of this study. To analyze initial acid-base balance, blood collection occurred upon immediate arrival with each subject. The subjects then consumed NaHCO3 gelatin capsules fifteen minutes prior to trial testing. Each subject was asked to rate any gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort for every thirty minutes after supplementation ingestion using a visual analog scale (VAS). Three trial conditions of ingestion time (60, 120, and 180 minutes) were implemented in a randomized fashion. A variety of GI discomfort was recorded during these trials. A pre-exercise blood sample was collected before the sprint trials began. These performance trials consisted of ten 10-second maximal efforts on a motorized treadmill separated by a 40-second walking and 10-second standing period. Capillary samples were collected one minute after completion of the protocol.

D. Regarding acid-base balance of the blood, there was no significance for any of acid-base variables although there was an effect for time with all variables. The outcome of performance showed no disparity between trials for peak speed or maximal power although there was a decline during the ten sprints in average speed and average power. Gastrointestinal discomfort was higher during pre-ingestion during all time points except at 180-minutes. The primary findings of this study were that performance during the repeated bouts of high intensity exercise was not different when ingesting the standard amount of NaHCO3 between 60 and 180-minutes prior to exercise.

E. Considering the elemental influences determining the reliability of the research, the writing is grammatically acceptable; in addition, the arrangement is methodical and easy to follow. The description of the study is clearly declared and precise while the synopsis proposes a concise and palpable observation of the study including the research question at hand, the sample, methods, and results. The purpose of the study is acknowledged in the introduction and the report has a natural and linked flow of steps in the research.

The strength of this research is significant however as a personal critique it does not make sense to ingest an aid that will invite discomfort. Regardless of decreased or no discomfort levels as time duration and exercise increased, the risk of discomfort that poses a threat to exercise performance does not show adequate reasons for ingestion. However, all individuals are different; the situation wholly depends on how significant the outcomes are to the performer.

F. High-intensity physical activity such as sprinting may benefit more from NaHCO3 than endurance-based exercise. Loading amount and periods will have to occur based on trial and error however three to four hours after supplementation shows erogenic benefit. Coaches, trainers, and athletes should utilize this supplement with caution due to fluctuations in pH and cases of fatigue.

Unanswered Questions:

1. Even though controlled fluid, fodder, and supplementation intake was requested, how likely is it the participants followed these necessary requests? If these requests were not followed could this be the reason for GI discomfort?

2. Pulling that female card again, how different would the results be if women had participated in the study?

Attachment: File

NaHCO3 Study.pdf (882.321 KB)

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Thread:: Cramping and injury incidence in collegiate football players are reduced by creatine supplementation
Post:: Cramping and injury incidence in collegiate football players are reduced by creatine supplementation
Author:: Juan Cruz

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 4:48 PM
Status:: Published

Source

Greenwood, M., Kreider, R. B., Greenwood, L., & Byars, A. (2003). Cramping and injury

incidence in collegiate football players are reduced by creatine supplementation. Journal

of Athletic Training, 38(3), 216-219.

Purpose

“To examine the effects of creatine supplementation on the incidence of dehydration and cramping and various musculoskeletal injuries observed in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division IA football players during training and competition.”

Methods and Materials

The subjects consisted of 53 Division IA football players from the 1999 football season. This was not a double-blind study as the volunteers chose whether or not to take either the creatine supplement or the placebo (non-creatine). Subjects were fully aware of experimental procedures and were under careful watch of the team’ s athletic training staff. The study monitored the injuries of the participants and was categorized as cramping, heat disorders, muscle tightness, muscle strains, noncontact joint injuries, contact injuries, illness, and number of missed practices. Basically, anything that prohibited an athlete from fully participating in practice or games. Non-significant injuries that took a player out, received treatment, and returned to the same practice or game were not accounted for. Subjects who participated chose on which supplement they wanted to consume. The creatine was mixed with a sports drink and the placebo was just an ordinary, non-creatine containing sports drink of identical taste. Drinks were consumed after, training sessions, practices, and competition during a 4-month period. The 38 subjects who chose the creatine-containing supplement ingested creatine monohydrate at 0.3 g/kg during a 5 day loading phase and reduced to 0.03 g/kg per day for 115 days after for a maintenance phase. This protocol is known to increase creatine concentrations in the body in relation to the athlete’s body mass.

Summary of Results/Conclusion

Results displayed that creatine users had significantly less cramping, heat illness, muscle tightness, muscle strains, and total injuries. There was no significant difference between groups in noncontact joint injuries, contact injuries, illness, missed practices due to injury, and players lost for the season. These findings suggest that creatine has a positive impact on reducing the incidence of cramping or injury in Division IA football players.

Critique

Overall this was a very well put together study. I like how it looked at other applications of creatine other than strictly for gaining muscle mass and its anabolic use. Most people think that athletes or even recreational lifters use creatine for strictly muscle gaining purposes. It’s refreshing to see that it has purposes other than the norm. This study proves that creatine, as well as other supplements, have other positive effects on the body.

Practical Applications

This can be used for a variety of applications in a strength and conditioning program. Coaches can use creatine not only to help in the weight room but also help on the field or court as well. Although NCAA and other governing bodies have restrictions on dosages allowed for athletes, coaches have to be careful on the amount they administer to their athletes and have to monitor consumption. Use of nutritional supplementation is a sensitive subject, especially in college athletics, so the usage of supplements is up to the coaches.

Questions

1. What would the study be like for the recreational weight-lifter?

2. Would there be any difference in protocol if the study was performed on women?

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Thread:: Beyond fast food and slow motion: Weighty contributors to the obesity epidemic
Post:: RE: Beyond fast food and slow motion: Weighty contributors to the obesity epidemic
Author:: Samantha Cochran

Posted Date:: November 22, 2012 11:55 AM
Status:: Published

I the genetic link between depression and obesity is an interesting concept along with the increase of dementia and Alzheimer's. Studies have shown that a higher metal content in the brain as well with those conditions which has also been linked to processed and non-whole foods. In agreement, I think there are many contributing factors to the issue and think that there should be a full circle treatment plan.

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Thread:: Inadequate Carbohydrate Intake Following Prolonged Exercise Does Not Increase Muscle Soreness After 15 Minutes of Downhill Running
Post:: RE: Inadequate Carbohydrate Intake Following Prolonged Exercise Does Not Increase Muscle Soreness After 15 Minutes of Downhill Running
Author:: Samantha Cochran

Posted Date:: November 22, 2012 11:39 AM
Status:: Published

Interesting study. I agree that some of the variables could have been limited. I would have like to see the difference between trained versus untrained and men versus women.

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Thread:: Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans
Post:: Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans
Author:: Samantha Cochran

Posted Date:: November 15, 2012 1:48 AM
Status:: Published

Venables, M. C., Hulston, C. J., Cox, H. R., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2008). Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,87(3), 778-784.

The purpose of this study was to determined the effects of immediate green tea extract (GTE) ingestion on glucose tolerance and fat oxidation during moderate-intensity

exercise in humans. There have been various health benefits reported with green tea consumption in humans and studies have shown improvement in fat oxidation in humans at

rest and prevention of obesity and improvement of insulin sensitivity in mice.

Two studies were performed with 12 healthy men participating in study A and 11 in study B, with the average age of 26 and 23 years, BMI 23.9 and 24.1, VO2max 50.9 and

52.0, and weight 75.1 and 77.7 respectively. All participants were deemed healthy by a pre-participation general health questionnaire. At least 1 week before the experiment all

participants performed an incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion. All participants kept a food journal for the 24 hours before the first trial day and replicated this diet

for the 24 hours before the second trial day. All participants were to fast for the 10 hours prior to the trials and to avoid strenuous exercise, alcohol, and caffeinated beverages

during the 24 hours before each trial. During the 24 hours before each trial day participants ingested 3 capsules containing either GTE or a corn-flour placebo, one with lunch, one

with dinner, and one in the morning at least an hour before the trial and then the opposite capsule was consumed for the second trial which was at least 1 week apart. In study A

each participant completed 30 minutes of cycling exercise at 50% of their previously determined maximal work load. A resting blood sample was taken just before exercise began

and then again every 10 minutes throughout the duration of the exercise. Heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously to maintain exercise intensity. In study B participants

ingested a 25% glucose beverage consisting of 75 grams of glucose mixed with water to a total volume of 300 milliliters. A resting blood sample was taken immediately before

the ingestion of the glucose beverage and again at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after ingestion of the glucose beverage while participants were continuously seated.

In study A there were no perceived differences in exercise intensity between the placebo and GTE trial as well as no significant differences in HR. The ingestion of GTE

significantly enhance whole body fat oxidation when compared to the placebo trial. Fat oxidation contributed 30% in the placebo trial and 35% in the GTE trial. GTE ingestion also

enhanced plasma glycerol concentrations when compared to the placebo. In study B there were no significant differences in fasting plasma glucose between the GTE and placebo

trials. However, the GTE trial had lower serum insulin concentrations than did the placebo trial during the 2 hour oral-glucose-tolerance-test (OGTT). This study is the first to show

that GTE ingestion can increase fat oxidation in moderate intensity cycling for healthy young men. The study observed a 17% increase in fat contribution for energy expenditure

(EE) during moderate intensity exercise than compared to the placebo. The present study also showed the ingestion of GTE can increase insulin sensitivity by 13%, thus reducing

the insulin response to glucose by 15%.

The design of this study was well done and well applicable to society today. There are many claims out there about the health benefits of herbal supplements and this study

was able to provide valid scientific results in regards to the effects of GTE on fat oxidation on insulin sensitivity. The only real critique I have of this study is sample size and

population selection. Had the study included women I think it would have made it more complete.

The practical applications of this study are profound. With the growth rate of obesity the rate of type 2 diabetes has increased as well. GTE has shown to have a positive

effective on fat metabolism for EE in moderate intensity exercise thus providing an additional aid to those looking to burn more fat during exercise. The reduction in insulin

sensitivity is also beneficial as it may potentially aid in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. This study also opens the door for further exploration of the effects of GTE on different

populations.

Questions

Would the results have differed if the subjects were women?

Would the results have differed if the subjects were an older population?

Would the results have differed if the subjects were obese and/or type 2 diabetic?

Attachment: File

Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in.pdf (242.613 KB)

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Thread:: Effect of acute mild dehydration on cognitive-motor performance in golf
Post:: RE: Effect of acute mild dehydration on cognitive-motor performance in golf
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: November 15, 2012 11:37 AM
Status:: Published

Interesting article. This just goes to show more proof that proper hydration in all individuals is very important.

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Thread:: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Post:: RE: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: November 15, 2012 11:34 AM
Status:: Published

Considering physical health is very important in the military, I think it is great that they all had high scores in nutrition knowledge. I do however, also think they need to be getting their knowledge and information from more reliable sources rather than magazines and friends.

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Thread:: Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans
Post:: RE: Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: November 15, 2012 11:31 AM
Status:: Published

Interesting study. I have been hearing the different rumors about the benefits of green tea extract, and honestly thought it was all a hoax like many other things. It was interesting to see some actual research that showed that it really ca benefit fat oxidation during exercise. Good article.

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Thread:: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Post:: RE: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: November 14, 2012 1:37 PM
Status:: Published

That was an interesting study done. I was not surprised that it did not increase sprint time or power, but what I would have liked to know is if it gave them the energy to do these sprints repeatedly for a longer period of time or if they reached exhaustion around the same time. Good job!

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Thread:: Supplementation and Spinal Cord Injury Patients
Post:: Supplementation and Spinal Cord Injury Patients
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: November 13, 2012 5:24 PM
Status:: Published

Anita Carbajal
KINE 5306
Fall 2012

Research Review #4
Supplement Use in SCI Population

Opperman, E. A., Buchholz, A. C., Darlington, G. A., &Martin Ginis, K. A. (2010). Dietary supplement use in the spinal cord injurypopulation. Spinal Cord, 48(1), 60-64.

A. Purpose of the Study

This study tookplace in Canada in which the researchers aimed to determine and find out moreabout supplement usage in the chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients andindividuals. SCI patients are very common in Canada and consists of about41,000 Canadians (Opperman, 2010). Individuals who have previously encounteredSCIs and live with disabilities are far more likely to be diagnosed with otherchronic conditions such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well assecondary impairments such as UTIs and pressure sores because of theircondition. It has been found that supplement usage increases with individualswho are diagnosed with chronic conditions, however there is not muchinformation regarding the supplement usage of individuals in the SCIpopulation. Information regarding their use of supplements could greatlybenefit physicians because these patients are taking supplements that may reactor counteract with their prescription and over-the-counter medications, and byknowing what they are supplementing, the physician can better understand whatis being consumed by the patient, see the whole picture, and make sure there isno possibility of negative side effects for the patient.

The purpose ofthis study was to determine the frequency of supplement use in SCIpatients/individuals, as well as find out which supplements are being consumedand the characteristics of those patients.

B. Methods & Materials

The subjects ofthis study included participants that were in enrolled in the Study of Healthand Activity in People with Spinal Cord Injury (SHAPE-SCI) which is a centerfor health and activity for adults living with SCI. The sample consisted of over695 participants, both men and women over 18 years of age who had the SCI forat least 1 year and used assisted devices for mobility. Consent forparticipation was provided from each of the subjects.

The study took place over 18months with data collected at baseline (T1), 6 months (T2), and 18 months (T3)at the home of the participant. Questionnaires were distributed to eachparticipant in order to gain information regarding their demographics andlifestyle characteristics. Another purposely open-ended questionnaire was givento them as well asking whether or not they consumed supplements, and if so,which ones, why and how often. The researchers also gathered anthropometricdata such as height, weight and flexibility.

Astatistical analysis was carried out when managing the results. A logisticregression model was used to determine whether or not there was a significantassociation between supplement level and age group, gender, level of injury,education level, physical activity, BMI, smoking vs. non-smoking, and alcoholconsumption vs. non-consumption.

C. Results & Conclusion

Close to ¾ of thesample of participants reported that they were using supplements at least onceduring the study period, and about half of all of the participants reportedbeing consistent supplement users. There were 57 different supplements listedamong the sample of participants and they said to consume anywhere between 0-10supplements per day; however, most said to consume only 0-3 supplements perday. The top three supplements consumed by this sample were multivitamins,calcium, and vitamin D. Other common supplements included vitamin C, vitamin E,cranberry, and omega-3 fatty acid. The main reason that the participants gavefor taking the supplements were because they wanted to supplement what theythought was not being provided in their diet, as well as to provide energy andimprove their general health. It wasalso found that gender, level of injury, age, education, physical activity,BMI, smoking and alcohol consumption were not associated with supplement usage.

D. Critique of the Study

I think this studywas conducted well with a good number of participants in the sample. However, Ibelieve that because all of the participants are part of the same community,that may have played a role in the frequency of supplementation because thestaff in the community may or may not promote the use of supplements.Considering it was the first study done that involved SCI patients, I believeit was done well and should be done in other places in Canada, and othercountries such as the United States as well.

E. Practical Applications

I believe thepoint made earlier that it would benefit clinicians to know the supplementationfrequency and status of SCI patients was very imperative. When prescribing medicines,and these patients need lots of medicines, it is important to know every otherelement that the patient is consuming to provide the safest route to healthyliving. I think it is important for these patients to definitely supplementwhat they need as determined by blood-work and visits with the doctor, but itis also imperative that the doctors take all consumption into consideration.Studies in other populations with special conditions and their supplementationshould also be studied, so that again the clinicians can look at the wholepicture and help the patient at the greatest level, without leaving thingsunknown.

F. Unanswered Questions

Would results be similar in othercommunities?
Would results vary for SCI patients who are not part of an SCI community andare more independent and un-involved?
Do the supplements that are consumed actually make a difference in theirhealth?

Link: https://manowar.tamucc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=47342950&site=eds-live&scope=site

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Thread:: Supplementation and Spinal Cord Injury Patients
Post:: RE: Supplementation and Spinal Cord Injury Patients
Author:: Abby Cantu

Posted Date:: November 29, 2012 5:38 PM
Status:: Published

it is very important for the clinicians to know all the supplements that are being taken by the patients and you did a great job on this review!

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Thread:: The effects of Carbohydrate Restriction on Strength Performance
Post:: RE: The effects of Carbohydrate Restriction on Strength Performance
Author:: Abby Cantu

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 5:14 PM
Status:: Published

Great review, I agree with not being clear on why restrict CHO when it's very important for strength training athletes.

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Thread:: Physiological and Nutritional Aspects of Post-Exercise Recovery Specific Recommendations for Female Athletes
Post:: Physiological and Nutritional Aspects of Post-Exercise Recovery Specific Recommendations for Female Athletes
Author:: Abby Cantu

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 5:13 PM
Status:: Published

Research Review 4

a) Hausswirth, C., & Meur, Y. (2011). Physiological and Nutritional Aspects of Post-Exercise Recovery Specific Recommendations for Female Athletes. Sports Medicine, 41(10), 861-882.

b) Purpose of the study is to generalize the gender-specific post-exercise recovery for female athletes since the effect of gender on substrate utilization during exercise has conflicting results from researchers. This article reviews the major gender differences in metabolic inflammatory and response to exercise and recovery. More attention spent on the design of training programs for female athletes for optimal performance and health.

c) This study is a review on the research conducted for the different physiology demands that men and women have that can be correlated to see if there is a need to signify the female post-exercise recovery. So researched gathered by the authors to display a meaningful significance as to how men and women react differently or not to different performance variables. The recovery process is focused on because of how the lack of recovery is enabling more injuries throughout each population.

d) In summary, the recovery phase is important and needs as much attention as the workloads themselves. It’s also important for female athletes to optimize the physiological recovery while minimizing the risk of injury.

e) This review article was very informative of what aspects affect performance and how important recovery is to an athlete. The important characteristic observed in athletic females with post-exercise physiology to be able to meet the demands that their sport needs.

f) Practical Application of this review is the nutritionist utilizing the gathered research and building a meal plan based off of what energy systems are being used and how frequently the training and competition can affect the female and male athletic populations.

Questions:

1. Since there are minor differences between substrate utilization with men to women, how can this affect recover?

2. With a variety of training and competition mechanisms that affect performance, and recovery is just as important, what could a nutritionist offer for the females who don’t eat enough to replenish?

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Thread:: Dietary and Training Predictors of Stress Fractures In Female Runners
Post:: RE: Dietary and Training Predictors of Stress Fractures In Female Runners
Author:: Laura Brennan

Posted Date:: November 25, 2012 12:43 PM
Status:: Published

I'm a little confused regarding the results of this study. One part said there were no significant differences in dairy intake, but I believe another said dairy or calcium intake was a predictor of stress fractures.Anyway, I assume they focused on females due to the higher risks of osteoporosis and other related bone density illnesses most commonly found in women. I appreciate the focus of this study, and think it should be used as a reminder to incorporate dairy/calcium into our diets regularly to promote positive health and sport performance.

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Thread:: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Post:: RE: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Author:: Laura Brennan

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 7:57 PM
Status:: Published

Thanks for your response and your service. I appreciate the input, especially from people who can relate!

It always takes FOREVER for policies, laws and programs to change! I guess sometimes that could be a good thing, but definitely wish there was accurate information more readily available.

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Thread:: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Post:: RE: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Author:: Laura Brennan

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 7:53 PM
Status:: Published

You are probably right about the sample size and format of questions & answers. Thanks for your input! Also, the study did include general categories and subcategories for types of supplements. The main categories were protein, energy aids, and vitamins & minerals. Energy aids in the form of a sports drink were most commonly used.

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Thread:: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Post:: RE: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Author:: Laura Brennan

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 7:49 PM
Status:: Published

I attached the PDF. Let me know if you have trouble opening it.

Attachment: File

NK&SU armysoldiers.pdf (701.31 KB)

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Thread:: Elite Women Bodybuilders and Nutritional Misconceptions
Post:: RE: Elite Women Bodybuilders and Nutritional Misconceptions
Author:: Laura Brennan

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 7:24 PM
Status:: Published

The results of this study are surprising to me. It would be interesting to read some of the open-ended responses. I'm guessing they used the only applicable women who volunteered for the study, and that is why there were not more ethnicities included. I would like to know if the results would be similar if a much larger sample size was used.

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Thread:: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Post:: Nutrition Knowledge & Supplement Use of Soldiers
Author:: Laura Brennan

Posted Date:: November 14, 2012 9:39 PM
Status:: Published

Bovill, M. E., Tharion, W. J., & Lieberman, H. R. (2003). Nutrition knowledge and supplement use among elite U.S. army soldiers. Military Medicine, 168(12), 997-1000.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of supplement use among U.S. Army Special Force qualified soldiers and non special force soldiers. The study further sought to assess the knowledge these soldiers had regarding nutrition topics.

Methods and Materials

A total of 157 soldiers (119 special force and 38 non-special force soldiers) volunteered to participate in two questionnaires. The first questionnaire included health habits, supplement use, demographic data and medical history. Frequency of supplement use was divided into the following categories: never, past but not present, occasionally for use less than once a week, frequently for 1-6 times per week, and daily.

The second questionnaire contained 54 items to assess nutritional knowledge. This questionnaire included general nutrition, supplementation, special dietary considerations, pre-event meals, fluid and hydration, and resources in which nutrition information is obtained. The Statistical Program for Social Sciences software was used to analyze data.

Summary of Results

Ninety percent of special force soldiers and 76% of non-special force soldiers reported use of supplements frequently. Those who reported exercising more frequently received higher nutrition knowledge scores and were more likely to be supplement users. The mean score of nutrition knowledge for all soldiers was 48.5% ± 15.2%. All soldiers scored the highest within the fluid & hydration section of the nutritional knowledge questionnaire. Sixty-five percent of all soldiers believe that amino acids provide energy for short term athletic events. Nutrition information was reported to come the most from magazines/books, friends, and teammates according to all of the participants.

Critique of the Study

Interesting relationships were determined as a result of the questionnaires used in this study. It appears that the more frequently a soldier exercises, the higher their level of training and the older they are, the more likely they are to be correctly informed about nutrition. This may be true, but the questionnaire regarding nutritional knowledge may have been all multiple choice questions. This leads to the fact that correct answers could have been a result of guessing, not actual knowledge. Furthermore, I agree with the authors that the sample population of non-special force soldiers compared to special force soldiers was quite small and may have skewed results.

Practical Applications

The results of this study indicate that soldiers may need more resources for accurate nutrition information and application. While many soldiers are supplement users, they are misinformed of specific supplements potential benefits. If soldiers are better informed or taught about nutrition subjects, they may alter their supplement routines and promote better performance results. In the long run, soldiers of all ranks and trainings may use nutritional knowledge and strategies to fit individual physical demands, and ultimately postpone fatigue and reduce time needed for recovery.

Question

Was the nutritional knowledge questionnaire formatted with all multiple choice questions?

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Thread:: Carbohydrate Loading
Post:: RE: Carbohydrate Loading
Author:: Julie Baker

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 4:18 PM
Status:: Published

So I am guessing that the participates were not required to eat all the carbs that were provided to them. I think it is pretty normal that women consume less then men. Good critique of the study!

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Thread:: Cranberries aren't only for Thanksgiving!
Post:: RE: Cranberries aren't only for Thanksgiving!
Author:: Julie Baker

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 4:09 PM
Status:: Published

Your question is very interesting. But who knew all those benefits came from eating cranberries. How interesting!

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Thread:: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Post:: RE: Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
Author:: Julie Baker

Posted Date:: November 30, 2012 4:03 PM
Status:: Published

this study was interesting in that it did not see any improvements with caffeine use.

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Thread:: Influence of Resistance Exercise Training on Glucose Control in Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Post:: Influence of Resistance Exercise Training on Glucose Control in Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Author:: Julie Baker

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 7:18 PM
Status:: Published

A. Fenicchia L M, Kanaley J A, Azevedo Jr J L, Miller C S, Weinstock R S, Carhart R L, Ploutz-Snyder L L., Influence of Resistance Exercise Training on Glucose Control in Women With Type 2 Diabetes. Metabolism 2004; 53(3):284-289.

B. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of acute and chronic resistance training on integrated glucose concentration and the insulin response to a glucose load in healthy women and age-matched women with type-2 diabetes.

C. The study consisted of seven women with type 2 diabetes, four of whom were premenopausal, and then a further eight healthy women who were age and height matched to the type 2 diabetes group to make them comparable as a control group. The study excluded women who were currently participating in resistance training or had done so in the previous six months, took medication that would influence metabolism or total body water, reported that they were chronic alcohol users or smokers or suffered from health problems such as such as coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, recent orthopedic injury etc. During the first session all of the women’s measurements were taken for body composition, height, weight, waist, and sagittal diameter. The second and third visit the women did familiarization to the resistance exercises being used for the training program and during session three the women did a 3 rep max strength test to establish a base level. The women then completed six weeks resistance training three times a week. An Oral glucose tolerance test was administered 12-24 hours after the first exercise session and 60-72 hours after the final training session.

D. The results showed significant strength increases ranging from 19% to 57% in all exercises. Diabetic subjects showed considerably greater increases than controls on the leg curl, leg extension and triceps extension. After the 6-week training program, lean body mass increased considerably in the control group, while fat mass decreased considerably in the diabetic group. The 75g-glucose load test revealed that for the diabetic women the glucose levels in the blood didn’t peak as high during that acute training test as they did in the baseline test, although in the chronic training test the peak and curve of recovery was almost as high as the baseline test.

E. I felt that that the authors took a fairly standard approach to how they organized the measurements and testing process for this study. One issue I see is that the authors state they the diabetic group and the control group were comparable. But in actuality the diabetic subjects had a greater body mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, fat percentage, sagittal diameter and waist circumference. Another limitation I felt the study had was that they didn’t use enough participants, although it was very helpful that they had a control group (even if it was the authors themselves).

F. After reading this study it is clear that doing regular resistance training is quite beneficial and is going to improve glucose tolerance on a day to day basis in diabetic women. This study also shows that for women without diabetes long-term training will significantly improve their ability to tolerate glucose and process it out of their blood quickly.

Unanswered Questions:

1. Why did the study only include 7 diabetic subjects?

2. What would the results have shown for the control group had they been more comparable in physical characteristics to the diabetic group?

Attachment: File

Influence of Resistance Exercise.pdf (161.449 KB)

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Thread:: The Influence of Caffeine on Soccer Performance
Post:: RE: The Influence of Caffeine on Soccer Performance
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

Posted Date:: November 19, 2012 1:45 PM
Status:: Published

Marcello, I really enjoyed your research study (topic) as well as your written research review. I thought your research review was written very well, you did a great job keeping your review brief and to the point while managing to hit all requirements and key points. Great job again Marcello, keep up the good work! (:

Cait

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Thread:: Inadequate Carbohydrate Intake Following Prolonged Exercise Does Not Increase Muscle Soreness After 15 Minutes of Downhill Running
Post:: RE: Inadequate Carbohydrate Intake Following Prolonged Exercise Does Not Increase Muscle Soreness After 15 Minutes of Downhill Running
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

Posted Date:: November 19, 2012 1:09 PM
Status:: Published

Overall, I thought your research review and choice of study (article topic) was great! I definitely agree with your response(s) regarding the initial critiques of the current study analyzed. Great research review again and keep up the good work Ben! (:

Cait

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Thread:: Dietary and Training Predictors of Stress Fractures In Female Runners
Post:: RE: Dietary and Training Predictors of Stress Fractures In Female Runners
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

Posted Date:: November 19, 2012 12:55 PM
Status:: Published

Sorry I forgot to attach my questions for the study, my apologies.

Caitlin.

QUESTIONS?

Why were males not included in this study? I think it would be interesting to compare and contrast males to females in this particular study.
Do you think the broad age range in female participants has any negative effect on the overall results concluded?
If this study were to be performed again, what would you change/or alter to improve the study?

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Thread:: Dietary and Training Predictors of Stress Fractures In Female Runners
Post:: Dietary and Training Predictors of Stress Fractures In Female Runners
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 6:47 PM
Status:: Published

Caitlin Arambula

KINE 5306.W01

Research Review #4:

Dietary and Training Predictors of Stress Fractures In Female Runners

A. Wentz, L., Pei-Yang, L., Ilich, J. Z., & Haymes, E. M. (2012). Dietary and Training Predictors of Stress Fractures in Female Runners. International Journal Of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 22(5), 374-382.

https://manowar.tamucc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=82231558&site=eds-live&scope=site

B. The purpose of this study was to compare female runners who have a history of stress fractures with matched runners with no history of stress fractures to determine whether there were differences in dairy intake during their adolescent years and current dietary calcium intake.

C. Subjects included in this study consist of a total of fifty-nine local female participants (between the ages 18 – 40), who ran a minimum of 20 miles per week. These participants were recruited from local races, running clubs, as well as University cross-country teams using flyers, and more. Twenty-seven female runners who had at least one stress fracture were matched to a control sample of thirty-two female runners without a history of stress fractures for race, age, weight, and fat-free mass (FFM). Subjects were measured indoors. Height was measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer. Weight was measured using a digital scale, and body mass index was also calculated (kg/m^2). Next, the participants had their bone mineral density (BMD) measured using the iDXA which stands for Dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry. The iDXA is performed by doing a whole body scan which measures the subject’s percent body fat, FFM, and fat mas. This software was used to determine BMD (g/cm2) and bone mineral content (BMC; g) of the whole body, lumbar spine, both proximal femurs (including total femur, Ward’s triangle, femoral neck, trochanter, and femoral shaft), and the non-dominant forearm (33% radius) (pg. 2). Next, the participants were required to answer a short questionnaire regarding the stress-fracture history, training, menstrual status, and nutritional diet.

For the statistical analysis, Descriptive statistics (M ± SD) were computed for each variable collected for comparison between groups. Subjects in each group were matched for age, weight, and FFM. Student’s t tests for independent variables were used to compare means for continuous variables between the groups. For categorical variables with non-normally distributed means, chi-square analysis was used to detect differences between groups. Pearson’s correlations were used in Univariate analysis to determine associations between independent variables and BMD of the total body, total femur, femoral sites, spine, and non-dominant forearm. Variables with strong correlations were entered into step-wise multiple linear regression to identify significant predictors for BMD in multiple-regression models. Variables were entered into logistic-regression analysis to create a model to predict the risk of stress fractures. Differences were considered significant at p < .05 (pg. 3).

D. Results conclude there were no significant differences found in menstrual characteristics, diet and dairy intake, or bone measurements. Predictions for stress fractures commonly seen in relation to femalesincluded the number of years running, predominantly running on hard ground, irregular menstrual history, low total-body BMD, and low current dietary calcium intake when controlling for body-mass index (Nagelkerke R2 = .364). Therefore, a Logistic-regression analysis was incorporated which consisted of a model design regarding the stress fracture predictions previously stated.

In conclusion, despite of the poor results concluded during this study, there was no data showing the differences regarding dairy intake, servings of milk during middle school were a significant predictor for femur BMD sites. However, there was significant data/results supporting the claim that adolescent calcium intake has significant influence on bone development. Therefore, adolescent female athletes should aim to optimize their diet to include sources of calcium to support bone growth and adequate calories to maintain menstrual function to reduce their risk of stress fractures (pg.8).

E. Overall I really enjoyed this research study and felt that I was able to obtain knowledgeable information with the facts provided. Also, I felt the research study was a great and well known topic to engage in especially since it has been a major issue among females, female athletes specifically.

F. Practical applications in reference to the previous study analyzed would be highly beneficial for all females. A few others that would benefit from this research study is coaches, because I feel that having this kind of knowledge will improve your bond with female athletes by showing them you are empathetic and take their needs as an athlete into great consideration.

Attachment: File

R.R#4 Paper.docx (20.666 KB)

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Thread:: The Influence of Caffeine on Soccer Performance
Post:: The Influence of Caffeine on Soccer Performance
Author:: Marcello Alves

Posted Date:: November 17, 2012 12:37 AM
Status:: Published

Gant, N. Ali, A. & Foskett, A. (2010). The Influence of Caffeine and Carbohydrate Coingestion on Simulated Soccer Performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 20: 191-197.

Carbohydrate and caffeine are known to independently improve certain aspects of athletic performance. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine the influence of adding a moderate dose of caffeine to a carbohydrate solution during prolonged soccer activity.

Fifteen male elite soccer players performed two experimental trials separated by 7 days. Players were assigned randomly in a double-blind crossover design to trials involving the ingestion of a 6% CHO-electrolyte solution with or without the addition of 160 mg/L of caffeine. Participants completed 90 min of the intermittent protocol; the 15-min bouts of exercise were separated by 4-min rest periods. Prior to the exercise, and during the rest periods, participants performed a countermovement jump and one attempt of the soccer-skill performance test. After these tests participants rapidly ingested 3 ml/kg body mass of the appropriate test drink before the next phase of the protocol.

Sprinting performance was significantly faster during the caffeine trial. These differences were apparent in the last three blocks of exercise. Explosive leg power, as measured by the countermovement jump, was higher during the caffeine trial. There were no significant differences in the results for the soccer-skill test. In summary, it appears that this caffeine-ingestion strategy has no influence on soccer-skill. However, physical performance in high-intensity simulated soccer exercise was improved by the repeated ingestion of a CHO-electrolyte solution containing 160 mg/L of caffeine, compared with a caffeine-free CHO solution.

The study was very well designed and the inclusion of a valid soccer-skill test increased the validity of the study. The results for the soccer-skill test showed no significant differences between the groups. However, other studies such as Foskett et al. 2009, found improvements in soccer-skill test in the caffeine group using similar protocols. More studies need to be done in this area to better understand these differences.

The practical application of this study is that based on these findings coaches and/or soccer nutrition professionals can use the coingestion of carbohydrate and caffeine in the hydration solution to increase physical performance of their players. Especially in the last third of the game.

Unanswered Question:

- What would the results look like if a similar study was done in a real match (or in a scrimmage)?

Attachment: File

Nutrition Soccer.pdf (192.832 KB)

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Thread:: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Post:: RE: The Effect of Alcohol on Athletic Performance
Author:: Marcello Alves

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 11:20 PM
Status:: Published

Alcohol and athletic performance for High School kids?!?!? I'm confused..... Haha! Where is this study from? USA? If this study was done in Brasil (where I am from) I would not be surprised because kids start drinking early and it is fine nobody really cares, but not here! hahaha!

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Thread:: Cramping and injury incidence in collegiate football players are reduced by creatine supplementation
Post:: RE: Cramping and injury incidence in collegiate football players are reduced by creatine supplementation
Author:: Marcello Alves

Posted Date:: November 16, 2012 11:05 PM
Status:: Published

Nice! Loved. High level athletes CAN and SHOULD use sports supplementation such as creatine to help them to perform their best. I was getting tired to read all the posts talking about "athletes should not use sports supplements etc. etc. etc." Makes me happy when I see studies like this that show several benefits from the use of sports supplementation. (by the way, Im talking about ATHLETES!!! not regular ppl!!! hahaha!)

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Research and Rants on Performance

Friday, October 11, 2013

Grape extract imporves antioxidant status and physical performane in elite male athletes

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