- Spicy Food linked to lowered triglyceride levels after meal
- Post:
- Spicy Food linked to lowered triglyceride levels after meal
- Author:
Elizabeth Walker
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 10:05 PM
- Status:
- Published
Attachment: 
Research Review 3 nutrition.docx (16.839 KB)
Research Review 3 nutrition.docx (16.839 KB)- Thread:
- Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on uscle relaxation time in humans
- Post:
- RE: Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on uscle relaxation time in humans
- Author:
- Tyler Vernon
- Posted Date:
- November 16, 2012 1:10 PM
- Status:
- Published
In the conclusion where it was stated that caffeine will increase fatigue, is it possible that the time of said ingestion could be the cause? I know that if I take a good deal of caffeine late in the afternoon I will not be able to sleep at all during the night. I didn't see a time for ingesting the supplements and it seems like that could be a possible explanation for a detracting factor.
- Thread:
- Effects of BMI testing in children
- Post:
- RE: Effects of BMI testing in children
- Author:
- Tyler Vernon
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 11:12 PM
- Status:
- Published
From a psychological perspective it would be interesting to know if the kids were self aware enough to realize what was going on. I know they knew what was going on, but say that one kid's BMI was particularly bad and his heart rate and other tests weren't good either, I wonder if perhaps this might of had a negative psychological impact on the kid by lowering their opinion of themselves. Just a thought.
- Thread:
- The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Post:
- RE: The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Author:
- Tyler Vernon
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 11:08 PM
- Status:
- Published
As usual your writing style is easy to read, too the point, and rather enjoyable. But I do have a question, could you give an example of what you meant from your question 1? You're in this profession, certainly this question is being drawn on from experience.
- Thread:
- caffeine and performance
- Post:
- RE: caffeine and performance
- Author:
- Tyler Vernon
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 11:05 PM
- Status:
- Published
One of the questions that I had, since the article says: "The results for mood state showed higher levels of anxiety", was do you think that this could possible be a horrible adverse effect for certain portions of the population? I know a whole lot of kids that don't need their anxiety levels boosted any more.
On a side not, I posted that skeptical article on the discussion board. It could be useful to you if you haven't found that one already.
- Thread:
- The Paleo Diet: A skeptical View
- Post:
- The Paleo Diet: A skeptical View
- Author:
- Tyler Vernon
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 11:00 PM
- Status:
- Published
Nestle,M. (2000) Paleolithic diets: a skeptical view. British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Bulletin, 25, 43-47.
Inrecent years there have been many new diets that claim to have the answer orthe final key too weight management and a newer, healthier lifestyle. ThePaleolithic diet, or paleo for short, fits firmly into this category. The paleodiet, as Nestle points out, stems from an archeological argument thatPaleolithic peoples didn’t necessarily have the means to cultivate foods andtherefore must have consumed a great deal of more protein, and consequentlymore meat than most people eat today, and far more than the recommended dailylevels. The paleo diet creators took this a step further, again as Nestlepoints out, and asserted that because human beings haven’t evolved that much inthe past 15,000 years, our metabolic and digestive systems must be betterequipped to handle a Paleolithic diet as opposed to a modern, western diet. Thewestern diet, the paleo diet creators believe, is tied firmly to the knownshifts in disease patterns such as certain cancers, and certainly obesityrelated issues. However, as the title suggests, a far more skeptical look mustbe taken into this reasoning.
First,as Nestle argues, the common theme for death amongst Paleolithic peoples wasmalnourishment and infectious diseases. Malnourishment occurred becausePaleolithic peoples were hunter-gatherers; therefore if there was nothing toneither hunt nor gather, these peoples didn’t eat. Thus death frommalnourishment was common. The second flaw in the reasoning that Nestle pointsout is that evidence for what Paleolithic peoples might have eaten is extremelyscarce. Quoting Nestle; “it is difficult to determine what groups of people ateyesterday, let alone thousands of years ago.” He goes on too say that the onlyways we can understand what people ate thousands of years ago is to assessarcheological evidence of hominoid primates and their eating habits, as well asstudy the eating habits of current hunter gatherer type peoples that mightstill exist in remote parts of the world. That leads to his third skepticism,and that is that all of the evidence of the observable peoples show thathunter-gatherer people eat what is readily available. If all that they have isto hunt lizards, then they hunt lizards and try to get by. However, if theylive in an area ripe with natural fruits and grains then they tend to eat that.Finally, Nestlé’s fourth skepticism is a point that seems rather logical, andthat is that archeologists find sites that are poorly preserved, and in themajority of cases were nothing but bones are left. This leads Nestle to pointout that plant-like materials do not survive the test of time like hard bonematerials do. Thus when the only suspected food sources archeologists find areanimal bones, that doesn’t mean that only something with bones was eaten, butrather only the bones survived the test of time. Therefore the assumption that65 percent of the energy consumed by Paleolithic peoples is incorrect. Thusthese skepticisms lead Nestle to his conclusion, and that is that there isn’tsufficient compelling evidence to suggest very much about a Paleolithic diet,let alone draw significant inferences. Furthermore every point brought by thediet advocators can easily be debated and in most cases disproved.
Thepurpose of this study was to provide a skeptical view of what has become a newdietary craze. His methods for producing said skepticism were simply researchand literary review. His conclusions are that the Paleolithic lifestyle needsfar more research and study, their diet however, probably shouldn’t be appliedtoo today’s individuals. In addition too this I have no critique of thearticle. In this case, although I admit that I am biased, there is ampleevidence to support Nestle’s arguments and very circumstantial evidence at bestto support the paleo dietary argument. With that said however, what can betaken away is simple. Always research what it is that you’re going to subjectyour body too. Don’t take someone’s word for something simply because on thesurface their logic seems good. Be thorough with your skepticism and rememberan argument can be valid but not true.
Attachment: Paleolithic diets a sceptical view.pdf (68.031 KB)
Paleolithic diets a sceptical view.pdf (68.031 KB)- Thread:
- Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Author:
- Justin Turner
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 3:10 PM
- Status:
- Published
With an upcoming soccer team at the university, this study can be very helpful to the coaching staff. Good article Marcello
- Thread:
- Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs. Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
- Post:
- RE: Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs. Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
- Author:
- Justin Turner
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 3:08 PM
- Status:
- Published
Great article man, I agree with you that the age range for the men should have been much closer. I know for a fact im not as athletic as I was 7 years ago!
- Thread:
- Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Post:
- RE: Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Author:
- Justin Turner
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 3:06 PM
- Status:
- Published
Sorry, put the wrong source in!
1. Pearson, D., Hamby, D., Russel, W., & Harris, T. (1999). Long-term effects of creatine monohydrate on strength and power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 13(3), 187-192.
- Thread:
- Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Post:
- Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Author:
- Justin Turner
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 3:04 PM
- Status:
- Published
Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
A. Astorino, T., Marrocco, A., Gross, S., Johnson, D., Brazil, C., Icenhower, M., & Kneessi, R. (2005). Is running performance enhanced with creatine serum ingestion?. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(4), 730-734.
B. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation during a resistance-training program on body weight and strength and power indices following the program.
C. This study used sixteen male collegiate football players from Ball State University, and was approved by the head coach and the NCAA compliance officer. Before the program began, preliminary test such as body fest estimation; 1 repetition maximum bench press, squat, and power clean; maximal Cybex power test at 4.19 radians per second, and Cybex peak torque test at 1.05 radians per second were performed. The investigation used a double blind study where one group consumed 5g of creatine monohydrate in capsules 7 days per week for 10-weeks. Additionally, the control group took an equal number of placebo pills. Subjects reported to the weight room every Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday and were given 6 pills to take before their workout, with the rest coming after the days lift. Moreover, subjects were given pills to take home for the weekend. As mentioned, the program consisted of a 10-week resistance training routine split into 3 microcycles. Upon completion of the 10-week period, subjects underwent post-testing. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and using Dunn’s test (Bonferroni’s) to control the a level expansion
D. The results of the study concluded that the creatine monohydrate group was able to significantly increase measures of strength (bench and squat) and power (power clean) and increase body mass as a result of creatine monohydrate supplementation and resistance training. In addition, the placebo group saw no significant measures in strength or power. Statistical analysis also found no significant changes in either group for Cybex testing, or 7-site and 4-site measurements of body fat. However, a significant increase in body mass did occur in the creatine monohydrate group.
E. As a strength and conditioning professional, I found the study by Pearson, et al., (1999), extremely interesting. Creatine monohydrate if used properly for the right sport, can really enhance the ability of an athlete to gain lean mass, as well increase strength and power, as dictated in this investigation. I enjoyed how the study gave the subjects pills to take home over the weekend, but am curious to know how they tested validity of subjects actually taking the pills when at home.
F. I found the article to be quite practical as it applies to my profession. However, conducting such a study where supplements are given to collegiate athletes has a high chance of being shut down. Due to the sensitive nature of what is appropriate and what is not, as well as receiving approval from coaching staffs, the university, and IRB.
Questions.
1. How do the investigators know the subjects took their pills at home on a regular basis for the 10-week period?
- Thread:
- Spicy Food linked to lowered triglyceride levels after meal
- Post:
- RE: Spicy Food linked to lowered triglyceride levels after meal
- Author:
- Michael Terencio
- Posted Date:
- November 9, 2012 9:09 PM
- Status:
- Published
It's always been known that spicy foods increase metabolic rates...this study just further proves it. Plus, I love spicy food, so, GREAT STUDY!!!
- Thread:
- Effects of BMI testing in children
- Post:
- RE: Effects of BMI testing in children
- Author:
- Michael Terencio
- Posted Date:
- November 9, 2012 9:03 PM
- Status:
- Published
I'm glad to see that child obesity was seen as a possible concern over 20 years ago. I just wish the subject had been tackled as soon as the possibility proposed itself.
- Thread:
- Carbohydrate and protein timing
- Post:
- Carbohydrate and protein timing
- Author:
- Michael Terencio
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 10:14 PM
- Status:
- Published
Michael Terencio
KINE 5306
Dr. Jay Dawes
Friday, November 02, 2012
Research Review #3:
Cockburn, E., Stevenson, E., Hayes, P.R., Robson-Ansley, P., and Howatson, G. (2010).
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 35, 270-277.
Purpose of Study
The aim of this investigation was to examine whether consuming milk-based carbohydrate-protein
(CHO-P) before muscle-damaging exercise is more beneficial in attenuating exercise induced muscle damage
(EIMD) than consuming it immediately (within 30 minutes) and/or 24 hours later.
Methods and Materials
Thirty-two healthy males ranging from 18 to 22 years of age participated. All participants regularly competed in sports, but never on the collegiate or professional level. All individuals maintained their habitual diets. After ethical approval, all procedures, benefits, and associated risks were explained, then all participants gave their written informed consent.
For procedural design, participants were assigned to 1 of 4 groups and all were equally matched based on concentric knee flexion peak torque recorded from 6 knee extension-flexions during preliminary testing via Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. The four groups were allocated as follows: one group consumed CHO-P before EIMD (PRE), one group consumed CHO-P immediately after EIMD (POST), one group consumed CHO-P 24 hours after EIMD (TWENTY-FOUR), and the last group consumed water but no CHO-P supplementation (CON). A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to show no significant differences in age, height, and body mass among all participants and no significant differences in the peak torque values used for group allocation.
The CHO-P nutritional supplement was a shake called For Goodness Shakes made by My Goodness Ltd. in London, UK. Each shake was 1000 mL which consisted of 707 calories, 33.4g of protein (made of a casein and whey mix), 118.2g carbohydrates (CHO), and 16.4g fat. Each participant within each group took 1000 mL because previous studies had shown significant attenuation of decreases in isokinetic muscle performance and increases in creatine-kinase (CK) with this portioning procedure.
Exercises were performed in the hamstrings utilizing unilateral knee flexions. The right leg performed 6 sets of 10 reps, with 90-second rest intervals, then the left leg followed suit. The degree of active DOMS experienced by participants was measured with a visual analogue scale which ranged from zero (no pain) to ten (as bad as it could be). Muscle performance was measured through peak torque and reactive strength. Peak torque measurements were examined with a Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. Participants performed six reps with maximal extension, flexion, and range of motion. Reactive strength measurements were examined via an AMTI force plate. Each participant performed 3 separate drop jumps from a 43cm tall box, and the mean of the 3 jumps was recorded and utilized. Each individual dropped from the box and upon landing, jumped for max height with minimum contact time. Reactive strength index (RSI) was calculated by dividing jump height in centimeters by contact time in seconds (RSI = jump height/time). A fast RSI reading indicated an increased utilization of the stretch-shortening cycle. The hamstring was not isolated, but the RSI calculation gave a global picture of performance for several types of athletes.
Blood sample collection and analysis utilized a serum CK concentration collected via venipuncture from the forearm vein, then centrifuged. Thirty mL of the resulting serum was used for immediate CK analysis.
Statistical data analysis was based off magnitude-based inferences because this method defines the smallest biological effects and focuses on absolute effect instead of noneffect interpretation.
Summary of Results/Conclusion
All DOMS activity peaked at 48 hours after EIMD and began to return to baseline at 72 hours. From baseline to 48 hours, POST group showed greater reduction in soreness over the CON and PRE groups. From baseline to 72 hours, the PRE group showed beneficial recovery over the CON and TWENTY-FOUR groups.
Muscle performance benefits showed limiting decreases in peak torque and RSI. From baseline to 48 hours, the POST and TWENTY-FOUR groups showed the highest benefits and from baseline to 72 hours the PRE and POST groups showed the most benefits.
CK benefits were measured by increases of CK after exercise. From baseline to 48 hours, the POST and TWENTY-FOUR groups showed the highest increases. From baseline to 72 hours, the POST and PRE groups showed highest increases.
In conclusion, consuming CHO-P at any time increases CK activity. Supplementing CHO-P attenuates EIMD by increasing protein synthesis and limiting degradation. Consuming CHO-P before exercise decreases active DOMS and increases peak torque over 72 hours. Consuming CHO-P immediately after exercise decreases active DOMS and increases performance over 48 hours. For an athlete, consuming a carbohydrate-protein mixed shake immediately after exercise seems to be the most beneficial for athletes because they tend to train more frequently than every 3 days.
Critique of the Study
A placebo with equicaloric content was not considered, so benefits of CHO-P due to additional calories may want to be matched in later investigations. All the results seemed unbiased and came from the quantitative data of the study and other concurrent studies. All findings throughout the investigation were supported with evidence. The authors’ discussion was fully supported with data. Overall, I look forward to learning from more studies like this one.
Practical Applications of the Study
As a personal trainer, I can see myself using this information for clients. Also, this information can be deemed very useful for a wide array of professionals including exercise physiologists, exercise rehabilitation specialists, public health and health care professionals, as well as basic and applied physiologists, nutritionists, and biochemists.
Attachment: R Rev 3.1...Effect of milk-based CHO-P supplement timing....pdf (146.663 KB)
R Rev 3.1...Effect of milk-based CHO-P supplement timing....pdf (146.663 KB)- Thread:
- Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Author:
- Trevor Stewart-Richlen
- Posted Date:
- October 30, 2012 2:49 PM
- Status:
- Published
I agree that the absence of a control group hurt the study. It would also be interesting to see this study done with protein vs a completely different supplement in order to gain a better understanding on what is possible with performance increases.
- Thread:
- Echinacea Supplementation and Running Economy
- Post:
- RE: Echinacea Supplementation and Running Economy
- Author:
- Trevor Stewart-Richlen
- Posted Date:
- October 30, 2012 2:44 PM
- Status:
- Published
This was a very interesting topic. I agree that because previous trials showed different results, more studies should be done. However, this study was well executed and the results seem promising. It will be interesting to see more trials of this testing done to really validate these findings.
- Thread:
- caffeine and performance
- Post:
- caffeine and performance
- Author:
- Trevor Stewart-Richlen
- Posted Date:
- October 30, 2012 2:39 PM
- Status:
- Published
Advanced Nutrition for Human Performance Research Review
Source:
Souissi1, M. P. (2012). Effects of Morning Caffeine’ Ingestion on Mood States, Simple Reaction Time, and Short-Term Maximal Performance on Elite Judoists. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine , 161-168.
Purpose of Study:
The ergogenic effect of caffeine on performance has been vastly researched and discussed. The effects shown on short-term high intensity exercise performance has yielded positive results in most studies. The purpose of this particular study was to study the possible ergogenic effect of caffeine, taken in the morning, on mood state, reaction time, and muscular power in elite level Judoka.
Methods and Materials:
Twelve Judokas were selected based on similar sleeping habits, no normal caffeine ingestion, non-smokers, and who were not currently on any medication. This information was taken from a questionnaire given prior to the study to select the participants. All participants were admitted to the facility one week before the study to familiarize themselves with the procedure and the facility in order to reduce learning variability during the test (increasing reliability). The week of the study the twelve participants were divided into two groups, a caffeine group and a placebo group. The judokas arrived at the facility at 6:00AM to begin the study. The study covered two days of work with a 48 hour rest period in between the days to provide adequate rest. The study began with each Judoka sitting in a rest position for ten minutes, after the rest period the participants ingested either caffeine (through coffee), or a placebo. After the ingestion of the caffeine, or placebo, the participants went back to the seated resting position for 60 minutes. Following the one hour rest period, the testing was laid out as follows, reaction time, mood states, a five minute warm-up, and then the 30 second Wingate test. Blood samples were taken before testing, 1 hour following ingestion of caffeine, or placebo, and immediately following the Wingate test.
Summary of results and conclusion:
The results for mood state showed higher levels of anxiety and vigor in the caffeine group than the placebo group. Reaction time presented a significantly lower value in the caffeine group than the placebo group. During the Wingate test, the caffeine group score significantly higher than the placebo group. The study showed that with the ingestion of caffeine muscular power was significantly increased, anxiety and vigor were increased, and also showed a decrease in reaction time. The reaction time reduction could be a factor of the mood state of anxiety and even vigor.
Critique of the Study:
The study was concise and valid. It was easy to understand and supported many of the other studies on caffeine ingestion and performance. I believe further research should be done on different time of day ingestions of caffeine and see if that plays a role on reaction time and mood state.
Practical Application(s) of the Study:
The practical application for this research study shows that it is beneficial, for improving muscular power, to ingest caffeine an hour prior to exercise in the morning. However, it should be noted that in certain activities where reaction time is crucial caffeine ingestion may need to be avoided.
Questions
Would varying the time of ingestion to mid-day or night time make a difference in the results?
Would having a shorter rest period after caffeine ingestion make a difference in reaction time or mood state?
Would consuming less caffeine still have a positive effect on muscle power and reaction time?
Attachment: caffeine.pdf (687.147 KB)
caffeine.pdf (687.147 KB)- Thread:
- The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Post:
- RE: The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Author:
- Morgan Seals
- Posted Date:
- November 8, 2012 6:57 PM
- Status:
- Published
Author sounds familiar lol. Very well written and interesting.
- Thread:
- Is caffeine withdrawal necessary prior to seeing its benefits?
- Post:
- RE: Is caffeine withdrawal necessary prior to seeing its benefits?
- Author:
- Morgan Seals
- Posted Date:
- November 8, 2012 6:55 PM
- Status:
- Published
Nice review. I am doing my paper over this topic so I will be using this article!
- Thread:
- Effects of BMI testing in children
- Post:
- Effects of BMI testing in children
- Author:
- Morgan Seals
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 8:36 PM
- Status:
- Published
APA Cite:
Jago, R., Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J., Thompson, D., & Greaves, K. (2005). Bmi from 3-6y of age is predicted by tv viewing and physical activity, not diet. International Journal of Obesity, 29, 557-564. Retrieved from www.nature.com/ijo.
Purpose:In recent years, society has turned its concerns on obesity. More specifically, obesity is being constantly studied in children and adolescent ages. The purpose of this study is to “investigate, whether, diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior or television viewing can predict body mass index (BMI) among three to seven year olds.”
Methods and Materials: Data was collected between 1986 and 1989. Participants were recruited through newspaper advertisements, fliers, and by word of mouth. The participants were 3-4 year old children and their parents. Each participant was followed for three years. Physiological and anthropometric assessments, heart rate monitoring, observation of sedentary behavior and television watching, and diet were all analyzed and measured throughout the three observation years. The Physiological and anthropometric assessments consisted of recording the participant’s height and weight then averaged together to calculate the BMI for each year. The heart rate was monitored on a minute by minute basis using heart rate telemetry, which is a preprogrammed heart monitor attached to the participant chest for twenty-four hours. This procedure was repeated four days out of the year for the first two years and only three days for the final year. The observation of sedentary behavior and television watching was based on a Children’s Activity Rating Scale, which is a five-level observation rating system designed to record minute-by-minute physical activity in situations encompassing a variety of activities and intensities. Lastly, the diet was recorded of each participant on the same days as the physical activity and television patterns were reported. The information that was recorded included all foods eaten, nutrient-related characteristics, portion size, food descriptions, and caloric intake. After collected all the data, researchers’ organized and reported their conclusions.
Summary of Results and Conclusions: The researchers’ conclusions were presented in a table format along with brief explanations. The table format included the means, standard deviations, and the number of participants for each year and for each category. After presenting their quantitative data, the researchers provided a brief summary of results by stating that “interactions between minutes of television viewing per hour and study year and minutes of physical activity per hour and study year were significant (P<0.05).” Along with that significance, main effects for television viewing, physical activity, and BMI from beginning of the study were also significant. Overall, the researchers’ found that physical activity was positively associated with the participants BMI in year one and negatively associated in year two and three (strong negative relationship in year three).
Critique of the Study: Overall, this study was difficult to comprehend. This is due to the amount of statistical results that were discussed. The researchers’ did not breakdown or discuss the numerical results very well. I believe there needs to be more qualitative discussion of the results in order to help make the reader-friendly and understandable. Also, I think that the researchers should have used a control group in order to decipher whether or not the diet has an effect on the BMI. This would have allowed the researchers’ to truly compare and contrast their findings. However, one strength that the study did have was the time frame. Time is always a factor in nutrition studies. Three years in an appropriate time frame especially in the early years of childhood because that is when obesity habits are created. Lastly, this study is fifteen years old. Therefore, this study should be conducted again with up-to-date instruments, materials, and methods.
Practical Implications: From this study, it is proven that children’s BMIs can be affected positively and negatively by diet, television viewing, and physical activity. However, it is also very subjective. Therefore, this main implication is that the study can help guide or be used as a reference to other studies on the effects of BMI in children at younger ages.
- Thread:
- Hydration Behaviors
- Post:
- RE: Hydration Behaviors
- Author:
- Amanda Salinas
- Posted Date:
- November 8, 2012 10:52 PM
- Status:
- Published
Good article. I agree, this study should've also had male participants. Researchers should have also attempted to educate the player more than they did on proper hydration. Overall great job!
- Thread:
- The Effects of Oxygenated Water on Exercise Physiology During Incremental Exercise and Recovery
- Post:
- RE: The Effects of Oxygenated Water on Exercise Physiology During Incremental Exercise and Recovery
- Author:
- Amanda Salinas
- Posted Date:
- November 8, 2012 10:46 PM
- Status:
- Published
WOW! Great topic choice. This is kind of funny to read in terms of the results. So many products out there attempt to sale hope for improvement to people and they are willing to pay for it no matter the cost. Hopefully those people who this is water is much better than any old regular tap water will come across some research and find out they've been buying into a LIE. Good job!
- Thread:
- Effects of brief caffeinated-beverage deprivation on mood, symptoms, and psychomotor performance
- Post:
- Effects of brief caffeinated-beverage deprivation on mood, symptoms, and psychomotor performance
- Author:
- Amanda Salinas
- Posted Date:
- November 5, 2012 10:12 PM
- Status:
- Published
AmandaM. Salinas
KINE5306
November2, 2012
Research Review 3
A. Lane, J. (1997). Effects of briefcaffeinated-beverage deprivation on mood, symptoms, and psychomotor performance.Science Direct, 58 (1). Retrievedfromhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305797000075
B. The purpose of thisstudy was to determine the effects of short-term caffeinated beveragedeprivation on mood, withdrawal symptoms, and psychomotor performance. Caffeineis the most commonly consumed drug and with any drug they run the risk of sideeffects and withdrawal symptoms. Since research has been conducted to determinethe effects of long-term deprivation researchers were interested in howshort-term caffeine deprivation would affected the everyday coffee drinker ifthey skipped out on their morning coffee dose. Specifically, how thisdeprivation would affect their mood, psychomotor performance and whatwithdrawal symptoms they’d
C. This study used awithin-subject crossover design. For this study 14 female and 10 maleparticipants from the Duke University community were selected based on theirresponses on a self-reporting consumption survey. All of the participants werehealthy nonsmokers who had reported drinking two to five cups of coffee dailyor the equivalent amount through a combination of sodas, coffee, and tea. Themean daily caffeine intake for the group from all sources was 547 mg. This was a paid study and each participantwas paid for their participation at the completion of the study. The comparisonof two conditions ad lib caffeinated beverage consumption and deprivation weredone on two different days in order to evaluate the differences in bothconditions. Each participant attended an orientation session prior to the startof testing. They were questioned on their daily caffeinated-beverageconsumption and informed of the battery of psychomotor test. They were taking through the testing once withassistance and then they practiced the test completing it five times. Testingtook place between 11:30 am and 1:30 pm and participants completed both testwithin two week of each at the same time of day. On the day of ad lib testingparticipants were instructed to consume their choice of caffeinated beverage asthey usually would during the morning hours. The participants were instructedto keep a detailed log of what drinks they consumed along with the serving,name, and size of the beverage. Deprivations conditions varied from eachparticipant since they were allowed caffeinated-beverages the day beforetesting it all was dependent on when the participant last consumed thebeverage. This deprivation period was between 12 to 28 hours.
Moods and symptoms were assessed using the Profile ofMood States, this questionnaire ask that the participants rate items on a fourpoint scale to describe their current feelings. In order to assess caffeinewithdrawal symptoms and inventory questionnaire containing 32 specific mental,physical, and symptoms items were rated on a scale of 0 to 3. Psychomotorperformance functions that were tested were motor response speed, responseselection speed, short-term memory, symbol manipulation, and complex reasoning.These items were tested using five brief tests which were selected from theDelta Human Performance Measurement System and presented to the participants ona personal computer. Specifically, the tasks that were performed were tapping,continuous number recall, choice reaction time, code substitution, andgrammatical reasoning.
D. Due to the nature ofthe study 8 of the 24 participants were dropped from the analysis because onthe first ad lib testing round they failed to consume any caffeinated-beveragesprior to testing. Therefore, the ad lib and deprivation results would not beable to be compared and thus leaving 16 participants in the study 5 males and11 females. This also caused the dailyconsumption of caffeine to change from 547 mg to 612 mg. Per the log of theparticipants the average intake of caffeine on the day of the ad lib testingwas 336 mg which equals two to three 8 ounce cups of coffee. During the deprivationportion of the study it was found that the participants’ arterial bloodpressure, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure were all lower than when theywere under the influence of caffeinated-beverages. The study failed to observethe heart rates of the participants so were are not able to see thatcomparison. There were differences notedin the participants’ mood, fatigue and inertia during caffeinedeprivation. Deprivation showed to causea number of caffeine withdrawal symptoms affecting the participants’ cognitiveabilities causing them to feel a lack of energy, ability to concentrate, desireto talk, extreme drowsiness, fatigue, sluggishness and yawing. The physicalsymptoms deprivation caused were flu-like feelings and an increase inheadaches. Deprivation did not have any effect on psychomotor task performance.The extent of caffeine withdrawals was strictly dependent on the amount ofcaffeine the participant consumed daily. Strong short-term withdrawals wereassociated with heavy consumption on a daily basis. Withdrawal symptoms weremost commonly noted at midday but longer periods of deprivation caused symptomssooner. Long periods of caffeine deprivation were associated with an increasein anxiety and depression.
E. This research seemedto be very brief, basic, and to the point. The study was done with goodintentions. Examining the risks involved in depriving oneself of their usualdose of caffeine proved to be hazardous. There were several things researcherscould have done to make this study more effective and reliable. The first onewould have been to have an equal number of male and female participants. Mostimportantly on the ad lib day of testing there should have been a set dose ofhow much caffeine the participants could consume in prior to the test. Withevery participant consuming a different amount of caffeine containing beveragesthe study could not be reliable. Every participant consumed a different amountof caffeine and 8 participants chose to not have any caffeine prior to the adlib testing therefore disqualifying them from the study and changing theresults as well and decreasing the sample size. Researchers should have set standards forcaffeine dosage as well as when the participant were to seize intake prior totesting.
F. This was a good researchtopic and there is a huge chunk of the population that is dependent on someform of caffeinated-beverage. It is also commonly said “don’t talk to me tillI’ve had my coffee”. It seem that research prove this quote to be true to thosewho habitually consume caffeinated-beverages on a daily basis. This type ofresearch is always beneficial; being able to associate that mid-day headache tothe withdrawal of your normal caffeine intake is useful. It is also great toknow that even low caffeine consumption can still lead to physical symptoms ofwithdrawal. I was very interested in this study because I myself am a hugeconsumer of caffeinated energy drinks and Starbucks on a daily basis and afteror before I have them I usually complain of a headache or feel fairly fatigueand sluggish.
Unanswered Questions:
1. Why was there not an equal amount of male and female participants?
2. On the ad lib day why were standards not set for the amount ofcaffeine each participate was to consume?
3. Where the directions not clear to all participants that on the ad libday they MUST consume some amount of a caffeinated-beverage? Having to cut 8participants from the trial really affected the results.
Attachment: Research Review #3.docx (17.275 KB)
Research Review #3.docx (17.275 KB)- Thread:
- Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available sports drinks during prolonged exercise in the heat
- Post:
- RE: Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available sports drinks during prolonged exercise in the heat
- Author:
- Jasmine Richmond
- Posted Date:
- November 12, 2012 12:17 PM
- Status:
- Published
In this field you can. When the methods are so detailed and you are looking for very specific things, a small sample size can be acceptable.
- Thread:
- caffeine and performance
- Post:
- RE: caffeine and performance
- Author:
- Jasmine Richmond
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 12:04 PM
- Status:
- Published
Nice work, this was an interesting study. What mood states did they use? Also what was the dosage of caffeine? In the research that I've done it seems like the most important component in caffeine studies is the dosage, timing, and if it is just caffeine or caffeine plus other supplements.
- Thread:
- Antioxidant status of elite athletes remains impaired 2 weeks after a simulated altitude training camp
- Post:
- RE: Antioxidant status of elite athletes remains impaired 2 weeks after a simulated altitude training camp
- Author:
- Jasmine Richmond
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 11:57 AM
- Status:
- Published
This was a very interesting study! I've heard of the performance benefits of training at different altitudes but never anything about more chemically benefits. Very cool stuff! Did it mention anything about health status of athletes? I know that some people do not tolerant higher altitudes well (myself being one of them).
- Thread:
- Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available sports drinks during prolonged exercise in the heat
- Post:
- Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available sports drinks during prolonged exercise in the heat
- Author:
- Jasmine Richmond
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 11:39 AM
- Status:
- Published
Jasmine Richmond
KINE 5306
10/30/12
Research Review 3
A. Del Coso, J., Estevez, E., Baquero, R. A., & Mora-Rodriguez, R. (2008).
Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially
available sports drinks during prolonged exercise in the heat. Applied
Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabloism, 33, 290-298.
B. The purpose of this study was to assess if rehydration with water or sports drinks (Gatorade®, Powerade®, and Aquaris®) affects anaerobic performance differently. It was hypothesized that a rehydrating with a sports drinks would result in improved anaerobic performance, compared to water.
C. Seven endurance-trained cyclists took part in this study. Each participant performed a graded maximal exercise test to establish his VO2max. They also went through a heat acclimation for 9 consecutive days to ensure that all subjects were on an equal playing field prior to testing. Subjects refrained from strenuous activity, alcohol, and caffeine for 24 hours prior to testing. On the experimental days subjects consumed a high carbohydrate meal (approximately 4g/kg) three hours prior to arriving for testing. Upon arrival they consumed 500ml of tap water then 2 hours later urinated into a graduated cylinder and then urine specific gravity was determined. Rectal temperature was collected as well as a blood sample. Then subjects entered a hot chamber, pedaled for a 10 minute warm-up and performed a maximal voluntary isometric contraction test (MVC). After cooling down subjects were dried off and weighted in the nude then two sweat patches were attached to the lower back. They then re-entered the climate chamber and waited for ambient temperature, humidity, rectal temperature and a blood draw to be measured.
Subjects performed five experimental trials in a randomized order, separated by at least 48 hours. Subjects pedaled for 120 minutes at an intensity of 63% of their VO2 max. One trial involved no fluid ingestion during the test, then the following four trials they consumed either mineral water, Gatorade®, Powerade®, and Aquaris® to replace 100% sweat loss. After each trial the subjects performed the MVC test, were towel dried and again weighted in the nude. They also again voided their urine into a graduated cylinder for urine testing.
The data was analyzed by a one-way ANOVA, a two-way ANOVA, Greenhouse-Geisser and Tukey’s significance tests.
D. Pre-exercise MVC was similar for all trials. Post-exercise MVC from the trials without fluid ingestion (DEH) decreased 11%. For the trials with Gatorade® and Powerade® ingestion the MVC values decreased less than the no fluid trial, but the mineral water and Aquaris® trials didn’t. Maximal cycling power was similar throughout the trials after 30 minutes of exercise.
During the DEH trial subjects sweated at a rate of 1.17 L/h. During the other trials, the sweat rate increased above DEH levels. For all the rehydration trials approximately 97% of the fluid loss by sweat was replaced and subjects remained in a euhydrated state. Rectal temperature from 70 minutes of exercise was higher during DEH then the rehydrating trials. Sweat sodium concentration (measured via the sweat patches) was similar among all trials. Although, sodium balance was best maintain in the Gatorade® and Powerade® trials.
Subjects reported that Gatorade® and Aquaris® best quenched their thirst during exercise.
E. This study was well thought out and organized. The investigators did an excellent job at detailing the methods and covering all potential areas of error. I thought it was interesting that they not only looked at cycle performance but also post-exercise MVC strength. This is what made this study stand out to me. My main negative critique of this study was that it never mentioned if the seven subjects were men or women.
F. This study provides the kinesiology field with more knowledge about the performance benefits of hydrating with different beverages. It also goes into detail about the chemical make-up of sports beverages as to show, which is most beneficial. This information will enable people, and coaches, to make more informed decisions about what to rehydrate with. This is especially practical for cyclists, which is important due to the increases in cycling events in our country.
Unanswered Questions:
•&νβσπ;Why was the number of subjects so small?
•&νβσπ;What were the demographics of the subjects?
Attachment: Nutrition_ArticleReview3.pdf (334.125 KB)
Nutrition_ArticleReview3.pdf (334.125 KB)- Thread:
- Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Author:
- Justin Powell
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 9:45 AM
- Status:
- Published
I think this is a very well thought out study. I like the fact that they were able to use elite soccer athletes during season. This is ususally not the case, but works perfectly to display the effects of different types of protein while engaged in competition rather than off-season. The only problem that I have with this study is the amount they choose to administer the athletes. The recommended amount of protein for athletes, as referenced by our book, is between 1.2 and 1.7 grams of protein per kg of body weight. For this study, they only had the subjects consume 1 gram per kg of body weight. Therefore, my question would be if the amount of protein was increased to the recommended amount would there have been different results?
- Thread:
- Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on uscle relaxation time in humans
- Post:
- RE: Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on uscle relaxation time in humans
- Author:
- Justin Powell
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 9:29 AM
- Status:
- Published
Juan,
I think this study is a very interesting study and quite different from most of the studies that we seem to delve into. I like how the study used a normal population as their sample instead of an athletic population because there are usually more significant results seen in this population. I agree with you that there should have been a bigger sample group especially females. I think the most important finding in this study is the negative effect that caffeine has on creatine when they are supplemented together. This knowledge seems very uncommon throughout the athletic realm.
- Thread:
- Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs. Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
- Post:
- Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs. Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
- Author:
- Justin Powell
- Posted Date:
- October 31, 2012 10:57 AM
- Status:
- Published
Research Review 3
Richardson, K. L., Coburn, J. W., Beam, W. C., Brown L. E. (2012). Effects of Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs. Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 26(5), 1361-1365.
Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of isocaloric carbohydrate (CHO) and carbohydrate-protein (CHO-Pro) supplements of time to exhaustion.
Methods and Materials
This study consisted of seven men with an age range of 27.9 ± 7.2 years; height range of 78.8 ± 9.0 cm; body mass range of 78.8 ± 15.3 kg; Vo2max range of 50.0 ± 7.3 and four women with an age range of 27.0 ± 1.6 years; a height range of 164.3 ± 8.3 cm; body mass range of 60.9 ± 4.7 kg; and a Vo2max range of 45.2 ± 3.9. Participants were required to be physically active and participate in at least one hour of continuous aerobic activity at least two times per week. The first laboratory visit, the participant s performed a maximal cycle ergometer test in order to determine vo2max and maximal power output. The protocol for the maximal cycle ergometer consisted of a five minute warm-up at 50 W, followed by an increase in the power level of 30 W every two minutes until voluntary exhaustion or their vo2max was reached. The test was considered to reach maximal effort when at least one of the criteria was met: (1) a plateau in oxygen uptake with increased rate of work, (2) heart rate within 5-10 beats of the age-predicted MHR, or (3) a respiratory exchange ratio of > 1.10. In order to maintain a consistent amount of muscle glycogen, participants had to follow a prescribed diet for 48 hours before the experimental protocol and restrain from exercise.
Prior to the second visit participants were required to perform a 12 hour fast and then perform two cycle ergometer time to exhaustion tests. The first cycle test consisted of a five minute warm-up at 50 W, and then the power level was increased to 75% of their vo2max power output from their initial test. The individuals exercised at this level until they were unable to maintain 80 revolutions per minute. After a five minute cool-down, participants were asked to rest for three hours and to ingest the prescribed supplement at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the first tests. The CHO supplement contained 1.5 g of carbohydrate per kg of body weight per hour, while the CHO-PRO supplement provided 1.2 g of carbohydrate per kg of body weight per hour and .3 g of protein per kg of body weight per hour. Neither the investigator nor the performer knew which supplement was being consumed because the supplements were premixed each day by trained laboratory personnel. After the three hour rest, a second time to exhaustion test was administered to assess the effects of the supplement on recovery. The same protocol was used. At minimum of a week after the second visit, each participant returned to the lab for a third visit. The testing protocol was identical; however, the alternative supplement was given.
Summary of Results/Conclusion
The results of the 2 x 2 repeated measures ANOVA indicated that there was no significant interaction between the supplements and time to exhaustion (p> 0.05). In addition, there was no significant main effect for supplements or time to exhaustion. The results of this study showed that isocaloric CHO and CHO-PRO supplements consumed at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after exercise have the same effect on recovery and subsequent exercise endurance during a second bout of exercise.
Critique of the Study
This study was very well planned and covered many of the areas that could have possible been overlooked with such a complex study. However, I would have liked to see a bigger sample group that consisted of an even male to female ratio. Another suggestion would be to try and keep the age range smaller in the male category. An age range of ± 7.2 years is a wide age range when compared to ± 1.6 years for females. I believe that keeping the age range closer and possible adding an older age group could positively affect the results of this study.
Practical Application
These findings indicate that there is no significant difference in time to exhaustion on a subsequent exercise bout between the isocaloric carbohydrate and the carbohydrate-protein supplements when supplements are ingested on a frequent basis (every 30 minutes). It was concluded that both of these supplements provide the same amount of restoration if the supplements are consumed every thirty minutes. Therefore, athletes who perform repeated bouts of strenuous exercise with relatively short recovery periods can benefit from consuming either type of recovery beverage.
Questions
1. How could CHO or CHO-PRO supplementation effect recovery after an anaerobic exercise bout?
2. Could consuming a larger amount of the supplementation less frequently possible alter the results to a point that there would be a significant increase in recovery time or time to exhaustion?
Attachment: Research Review 3.pdf (628.309 KB)
Research Review 3.pdf (628.309 KB)- Thread:
- Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on performance after 4 hours of recovery.
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on performance after 4 hours of recovery.
- Author:
- Brett McQueen
- Posted Date:
- November 9, 2012 9:44 PM
- Status:
- Published
My biggest question with all of the weight cutting and rapid weight loss sports is: what are the long term health problems these athletes experience? I can see a need for certain cutting at the time of competition, but what happens to these athletes? For example, I have a friend who died of excessive organ scarring due to a genetic abnormality at age 25 that was attributed to extreme weight cutting as a high school wrestler. It is things like that causing my belief we should eliminate weight cutting all together; however, this study seems to show a method in which they safely and adequately respond to the rapid weight loss.
- Thread:
- Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs. Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
- Post:
- RE: Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs. Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
- Author:
- Brett McQueen
- Posted Date:
- November 4, 2012 7:09 AM
- Status:
- Published
I did the same article for review 1. I agree with you the age range is spread out; however, I also know that elite cyclists are generally older than the typical athlete. That is only a speculation though, as to why the age range is wide for the study. Also, I would have liked to have seen a larger sample size of cyclists to test. Finally, I would be curious to see how this would translate to a road race adding environmental factors to the body stress. Good review of the study!
- Thread:
- Relationship of high school and college sports participation with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit druge use: A review
- Post:
- Relationship of high school and college sports participation with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit druge use: A review
- Author:
- Brett McQueen
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 8:36 PM
- Status:
- Published
Lisha, N. E., & Sussman, S. (2010). Relationship of high school and college sports participation with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use: A review. Addictive Behavior, 35(5), 399-407.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study was to review previous literature concerning the use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use by high school and collegiate athletics participants. It is well established that athletics give an appearance of higher social status or privilege to both high school and collegiate athletes. What is not necessarily clear is whether or not the pressures from this increase in social status drive student athletes to an increase in drug use or abuse. This study aimed at determining: the number of studies presently in the literature concerning the college and high school athletic population’s drug use, the relationship between sports participation and drug use or abuse, and the changes in substance across these populations.
Methods and Materials
Thirty-four articles were reviewed using electronic databases published between 1982 and 2008 concerning an athletic population between thirteen and twenty four years of age and their substance use. Of the thirty-four studies, twenty-four were selectively based on just college aged subjects, while only nine were directly performed on high school aged subjects. The classification for these participants fell under the term “involvement in an organized sports team” or “recreational sports”.
Summary of Results/Conclusions
Twenty-nine of the thirty-four studies looked at the relationship between sport participation and alcohol consumption. Twenty-two of those article showed a statistically significant positive correlation between athletic participation and alcohol use. More simply stated, those who participate in sports tend to drink more. In general, male hockey athletes and female soccer athletes were found to have the highest level of consumption; while cross-country and track athletes reported the lowest level of consumption. Also, there was little difference between sex of the participant and alcohol consumption.
Fifteen of the thirty-four studies examined the relationship between sport participation and smokeable tobacco use such as cigarettes; smokeless or chewing tobacco was not identified in the conclusions. Of the fifteen studies, fourteen of them showed a negative relationship between cigarettes and athletic participation showing that most student athletes do not tend to smoke.
Again, fifteen of the studies reviewed focused on illicit drug use and athletics participation. Seven of these articles only evaluated marijuana use. The majority of the studies demonstrated a negative relationship between illicit drug use and participation; at the same time, it was shown that much of this type of drug use is dependent on sport and situational usage. Males tended to show greater use of marijuana than females. Similarly to alcohol consumption, male hockey athletes and female soccer athletes demonstrated an overall increased use in these drugs compared to other athletes.
Critique of study
While this is a solid review of the currently literature on the topic of drug and alcohol consumption amongst athletes ranging from thirteen to twenty four years of age, the literature itself should become more involved and exhaustive relating to the reporting of such use within athletics. In a similar sense, more consistent prediction made on the type and frequency of alcohol and illicit drug consumption. In addition, it would have been interesting to see the smokeless tobacco use during sports such as baseball, hockey, and football might demonstrate.
Practical application of study
It is never easy to change a culture, but we as professionals dealing with athletes are responsible to ensuring athletes know what the best choices they can make are and how to appropriately adhere to those positive choices. At the same time, it may not be possible to stop a culture as our youth witness professional athletes participating in these activities. For me as an athletic trainer, I strive to provide the best education on long-term effects of alcohol and smokeless tobacco use because of a two-fold reason. As a clinician, one would have to be extremely naive not to admit this exists; however, we must be able to appropriately disseminate educational information about safety and health effects regarding substance use or abuse.
- Thread:
- Echinacea Supplementation and Running Economy
- Post:
- RE: Echinacea Supplementation and Running Economy
- Author:
- Elizabeth Leal
- Posted Date:
- October 30, 2012 9:45 AM
- Status:
- Published
Very interesting topic! Some of my unanswered questions were confirmed when I read your critique-there is not alot of evidence yet to make conclusions and previous studies have shown opposite results. I agree more studies do need to be done but overall great job Dara.
- Thread:
- Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Author:
- Elizabeth Leal
- Posted Date:
- October 30, 2012 9:40 AM
- Status:
- Published
Great review! It does make sense to hear of possible reasons for why no control group was used in this study. Thinking as a coach, I now understand why they probably did not want any chance of their players being affected in a way that may hurt the team over all. Great job.
- Thread:
- Antioxidant status of elite athletes remains impaired 2 weeks after a simulated altitude training camp
- Post:
- Antioxidant status of elite athletes remains impaired 2 weeks after a simulated altitude training camp
- Author:
- Elizabeth Leal
- Posted Date:
- October 9, 2012 9:13 PM
- Status:
- Published
Research Review #3
Pialoux, V., Brugniaux, J., Rock, E., Mazur, A., Schmitt, L., Richalet, J., & ... Mounier, R.
(2010). Antioxidant status of elite athletes remains impaired 2 weeks after a simulated altitude training camp.European Journal of Nutrition, 49(5), 285-292.
Purpose of Study
“ Live high-train low” (LHTL) has become a type of method elite athletes use when it comes to endurance training for competition. The altitude exposure is to increase the oxygen transport capacity. In previous studies, evidence has shown that the antioxidant status is altered when in various altitudes. Surprisingly, there is no information in regards to the antioxidant restoration during the recovery period. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the antioxidant status is impaired by 18 days LHTL in elite athletes and remains altered after 14 days of recovery. Plasma levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehydes (MDA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) lipid-soluble antioxidants were measured before (PRE), the first day after (POST1), and again 2 weeks (POST14) after the training (Pialoux et. al, 2010)
Methods and Materials
Eleven elite cross-country skiers from the French Skiing Federation were submitted into an 18 day endurance training program. There they were split into two groups: the Hypoxic Group (HG, n=6) where they trained at 1200m and lived in hypoxia (simulated altitude of 2500m, 3000m, 3500m) and the Control Group (CG, n=5) where they trained and lived at 1200m. Written informed consents were given to each participant whom are noteworthy to say that all were low-altitude residents and were not acclimatized to altitude prior to this study. During the training aspect, the HG trained 2hrs per day at 1200m while they spent resting and sleeping periods 11hrs per day in an altitude of 2500m, 3000m, and 3500m for six days each. The CG lived and trained at the same altitude of 1200m. Biomechanical analysis and vitamin A,C, and E intake measurements were taken.
Summary of Results/Conclusion
Both the HG and CG showed results of decreased antioxidant status at POST1 but after 14 days of recovery, the values of CG returned to baseline levels. As for HG, antioxidant levels still remained even lower suggesting that LHTL affects the mid-term recovery of the antioxidant status. There was a decrease in FRAP after training but it was seen to be lower for women compared to men. During training, HG intakes of vitamin E were significantly lower than those of CG. For vitamin A and C, intake was close to the RDA regardless of the training/recover and group (HG/CG).
Critique of Study
It is great to see a study in an area that has yet to really be understood. In saying that, the fault is that there still needs to be more studies with various procedures to come up with a universal report that can be approved in the scientific community. A set back with this study is the fact that a very small sample group (n=11) was used. Having more results to look at from a larger population could make it more reliable and valid.
Practical Application(s) of the Study
Studies as such can be useful for coaches and trainers in knowing how long recovery can take for athletes. Insight can be given for coming up with more optimal nutritional plans to aid athletes in training. Further studies should be done to determine whether antioxidant supplementation should be prescribed to athletes planning repeated and long LHTL camps during training season.
Questions
How could the results have been had there been a larger sample group with even ratio of men/women?
Could time of year play an impact to results?
How does this affect athletes at even lower altitudes than the one prescribed in this study?
- Thread:
- Effects of BMI testing in children
- Post:
- RE: Effects of BMI testing in children
- Author:
- Jessica Korda
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 11:18 AM
- Status:
- Published
Good article. I agree the researchers should have used a control group. This way their results would be able to tell if the diet had an effect on the BMI.
- Thread:
- Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Post:
- RE: Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Author:
- Jessica Korda
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 11:05 AM
- Status:
- Published
Good article. I agree that conducting a study where you give collegiate athletes a supplement is a sensitive subject and will most likely get shut down.
- Thread:
- Hydration Behaviors
- Post:
- Hydration Behaviors
- Author:
- Jessica Korda
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 10:57 AM
- Status:
- Published
Hydration Behaviors Before and After an Educational and Prescribed Hydration Intervention in Adolescent Athletes
Citation:
Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to assess the hydration status and behaviors of female athletes before and after a one time educational intervention and prescribed hydration intervention in a warm, humid, and tropical environment.
Materials/Methods:
Thirty-six female adolescent elite volleyball players participated in this study. They were in a non-air-conditioned gymnasium in a tropical environment. The observes were looking for pre-practice to post practice changes in body mass, percentage of body mass lost, urine specific gravity, urine color, urine osmolality, sweat rate, and volume of fluid consumed. The participants were observed during four observational periods consisting of three practices per observational period separated by forty-eight hours. During the four periods there was a control period, educational intervention, prescribed hydration intervention, and observational follow-up. Once the control period was done, an educational intervention was provided to the participants, it consisted of a slide presentation, followed by a week of observation.
During the prescribed hydration period, a pre-calculated volume of water based on individual sweat rate was consumed every twenty minutes during each two-hour practice. The treatments period were not randomized; it was the same for every participant.
Summary of Results/conclusion:
The results of prescribed hydration period were the only period during which participants maintained body mass. The percentage of fluid consumed to restore sweat loss for the prescribed hydration intervention period was higher than for any other period.
The one time education session was not successful in changing hydration behaviors. Although prescribing individualized hydration protocols improved hydration for adolescents exercising in warm, humid environment.
Critique of the Study:
The study was well organized and displayed a fair amount of information. There were a few changes, I’d make to this experiment. I would include males in this experiment. Also, I would make the experiment have a longer duration period, instead of four observational periods. The observers should also have informed them more about the proper hydration, instead of just one educational period.
Practical Application of the Study:
This study can be used to help coaches and athletes be informed on the proper hydration. It is important for athletes and coaches to have the proper knowledge of hydration, especially during practice times. Some coaches tend to not give their athletes as many water breaks as recommended, causing them to dehydrate. Proper hydration will help your athletic performance.
- Thread:
- The Paleo Diet: A skeptical View
- Post:
- RE: The Paleo Diet: A skeptical View
- Author:
- Lindsey Hough
- Posted Date:
- November 9, 2012 9:53 PM
- Status:
- Published
Thanks for providing this critique, as I am researching paleo for my final paper. Obviously with "diets" like this there is always the commercialization factor of people taking the latest diet trends as the Word, pulling it to one extreme that may not be the best option for the majority of the population. However, incorporating more paleo-type behaviors in our diet I think could be beneficial for most.
- Thread:
- caffeine and performance
- Post:
- RE: caffeine and performance
- Author:
- Lindsey Hough
- Posted Date:
- November 9, 2012 9:51 PM
- Status:
- Published
A rest period of a full hour seems a little excessive to me to wait for the effects of caffeine. In our Redline studies, we wait 30 minutes only. I wonder if this could have an impact?
- Thread:
- Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available sports drinks during prolonged exercise in the heat
- Post:
- RE: Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available sports drinks during prolonged exercise in the heat
- Author:
- Lindsey Hough
- Posted Date:
- November 9, 2012 9:50 PM
- Status:
- Published
Only 7 subjects? Can you even report findings with a sample so small?
- Thread:
- A paleolithic diet confers higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure than a cereal-based diet in domestic pigs
- Post:
- A paleolithic diet confers higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure than a cereal-based diet in domestic pigs
- Author:
- Lindsey Hough
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 5:42 PM
- Status:
- Published
1. Please write out the reference for your article. APA format is recommended.
Jönsson, T., Ahrén, B., Pacini, G., Sundler, F., Wierup, N., Steen, S., . . . & Lindeberg, S. (2006). A Paleolithic diet confers higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure than a cereal-based diet in domestic pigs.Nutrition & Metabolism, 3, 39-49.
2. A) Was there an explicitly state purpose? What was that purpose?
B) Were the data that were used truly pertinent to the purpose? Were they the best data that could have been used for the purpose? Comment.
3. A) Were the data gathered properly? For example, if sampling was involved, were the data obtained by an adequately random method? Briefly outline the methods used and comment.
Prior to any testing, the testing protocol and experiment was approved and shown to be compliant with the “ Principles of Laboratory Animal Care” regulations, which were formed by the National Society for Medical Research, the National Institutes of Health, and the Ethical Committee for Animal Experiments at Lund University.
Twenty-four cross-bred piglets from four different litters were eligible for the study. The piglets were weaned and randomly allocated wither to a group fed a standard, cereal-based swine feed supplements with rapeseed oil in order to match fat intake in the two groups, or to a group fed a cereal-free, Paleolithic diet consisting of vegetables, fruit, meat, and a small amount of tubers, or potato-type vegetables. Baseline body weight was measured and no differences were found. Both diets were high in carbohydrate and low in fat compared to the range of of macronutrient intake for contemporary hunter-gatherers.
Both groups were fed their diets from 2 to 17 months of age by an experienced pig farmers who allocated rations in a group basis. Body weight was recorded every second week.
At age 17 months, all animals received premedication in the stable with intramuscular ketamine. They were then sedated and put on ventilation. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed in 20 pigs which had been fasted for at least 6 hours. Hemodynamic values and temperature were recorded as well. Pancreas specimens were collected for immunohistochemistry.
3. B) If observations of people were part of the data-gathering process, were the observations as unobtrusive as possible under the circumstances? Comment.
No observations of the pigs took place in the interim weeks while the farmer fed the pigs; however, one concern is that the pigs may not have been as controlled as they would have been by an invested researcher, but rather a farmer with unknown invested interest. Additionally, the feeding mechanism is unknown. Were the pigs all fed in one trough, or rationed out appropriate feedings?
4. A) Were the data suitably studied and analyzed? For example, if the analysis was statistical in nature, were suitable statistical procedures chosen and were they properly applied to the data? State what stat methods were used and comment.
Following data collection, the following statistical analyses were performed: group comparisons of continuous variables were made using the t-test. P < 0.05 was used. Simple and multivariate correlations were evaluated by use of linear regression. During the statistical process, two pigs, one in each group, were outliers and removed from analysis regarding glucose and insulin. Unfortunately, the sample size (24) was rather small, these results should be interpreted with a degree of caution.
B) Did the investigator overlook analytic procedures that could have been applied? Comment.
The statistics run for the data appear to be substantive and suitable for determining physiologic variables associated with each group. However, there is a minor concern regarding a small sample size and how that might have affected statistical significance.
5. Were the reported results based strictly on the outcome of the study or analysis of the data or are there findings that seem unsupported by the analysis? Comment.Results indicated that energy intake at age 17 months was approximately 20% lower in the Paleolithic group compared to the Cereal group, despite much larger feeding rations in terms of both volume and weight. The weight curves started to diverge after 3 months of feeding the different diets. At the end of all the feedings, the Paleo group weighed 22% less than the Cereal group and was 6% shorter. Subcutaneous fat thickness was 43% lower. No significant difference was seen in body temperature between the two groups. The geometric mean of C-reactive protein was 82% lower in the Paleolithic group. Intra-arterial diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower by 13% in the Paleo group. Systolic blood pressure was non-significantly lower by 7%.
No significant difference was found in mean fasting values of glucose or insulin between the groups. Parameters related to overall metabolic status indicated unchanged total glucose AUC and glucose disappearance rate. Fasting insulin sensitivity was not affected by diet, but dynamic insulin sensitivity was found to be markedly higher in the Paleo group. Significant differences were also found in the insulin response to injected glucose. Following statistical analysis, diet emerged as the strongest explanatory variable for the variations in dynamic insulin sensitivity, insulin response, C-reactive protein, and diastolic blood pressure when compared to other variables such as weight and subcutaneous fat thickness. There was no obvious immunohistochemical differences in pancreatic islets between the groups; however, leukocytes were clearly more frequen in sampled pancreas from the Cereal group.
One of the most important findings of this study is the effect of the Paleolithic diet on insulin sensitivity and insulin response, because insulin sensitivity is central to the prevention of cardio vascular disorders. Additionally, because researchers were able to discern that the paleo diet affected insulin mainly at the level of muscle and adipose tissue rather than the liver.
Additionally, significantly lower marks of C-reactive protein is important because this protein is a physiologic marker of subclinical inflammation, which is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.
6. Does the investigator's interpretation of the results make sense? Does the interpretation appear to reflect in a reasonable way both the strict results and the overall situation or problem?
The strength of this study is that the model uses one of the best non-primate models for human disorders. One important note not really discussed at length is the shorter length of the pigs found in the Paleolithic group. Researchers hearken back to historical evidence of hunter-gatherers being shorter than Western populations, while a positive relationship between height and cardiovascular disease has been noted in international comparisons. Interestingly, it is unstated whether or not this is assumed to be a negative or positive fallout of the Paleo vs. Non-Paleo debate.
In general, this is an excellent study for examining the effects of the modernized Western diet on what is more and more often being described as diseases of affluence. Unfortunately, researchers note that the mechanism behind the beneficial effects on risk factors are largely unknown, though diet emerged as the strongest explanatory variable and thus seems to be the most contributing factor. However, it may be that other factors come in to play; for example, one important finding is the divergence of the weight curves between the two groups after a mere 3 months of feeding. The Paleo group was thus lighter throughout the duration and had a lower energy intake at the end of the study compared to the Cereal group, despite a threefold larger ration by weight. This could be interpreted as food restriction for the Paleo group, which could explain the observed effects.
Finally, results of this study speak mostly to the anti-obesity schools of though rather than to performance factors. Unfortunately, few studies examine the performance effects of the Paleo diet on athletes, but studies like these serve to set the stage.
- Thread:
- The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Post:
- RE: The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Author:
- Chelsea Hillis
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 4:56 PM
- Status:
- Published
This is cheating! You picked one Dawes was an author on! lol jk interesting topic Abs!
- Thread:
- Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Post:
- RE: Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Author:
- Chelsea Hillis
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 4:54 PM
- Status:
- Published
Interesting Justin. I totally agree though with the question that you had. My study was similar the researchers allowed the subjects to take down whether they were taking their supplements or not. I feel like this leaves a lot of room for error.
- Thread:
- Effects of multi-ingredient supplementation on resistance training in young males
- Post:
- Effects of multi-ingredient supplementation on resistance training in young males
- Author:
- Chelsea Hillis
- Posted Date:
- November 1, 2012 4:48 PM
- Status:
- Published
Muscle strength and fatigue resistance increases with resistance training. Resistance training adaptations can
be enhanced with single-ingredient or dual-ingredient supplementation but less is known about resistance training
adaptations by multi-ingredient supplementation. We examined the effects of a commercial multi-ingredient
supplement on resistance training adaptations for training-specific and non-training-specific tasks in young males.
Male participants (n = 16, age 21±2 years, body mass 74.5±5.9 kg, body height 177±5 cm) had at least 1 year experience
with resistance training exercises. Training (7 muscle groups, 4 sessions/week, weekly adjustments) consisted of two 6
weeks blocks with 4 weeks between blocks. During training, participants consumed placebo (i.e. maltodextrin, n = 7) or
the sports nutritional supplement Cyclone (Maximuscle Ltd, UK, n = 9) (main ingredients creatine monohydrate, whey
protein, glutamine and HMB) twice daily with one intake <15 min following a training session. Unpaired Student’s ttest
was used for placebo and Cyclone group comparison of percentage changes with p < 0.05. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d)
were calculated for the Cyclone group. Cyclone did not enhance maximal voluntary isometric force (MVIF) (p = 0.56),
time to fatigue at 70% MVIF (p = 0.41) and peak concentric strength (60°·s-1) (p = 0.66) of m.quadriceps femoris (i.e.
the non-specific training tasks). For the specific-training tasks, Cyclone did not enhance one-repetition maximum (1-
RM) of lateral pull (p = 0.48) but there was a trend and large effect size for 1-RM of bench press (p = 0.07, d = 0.98) and
45° leg press (p = 0.07, d = 1.41). Cyclone resulted in an increase in number of repetitions for 80% pre-training 1-RM
for lateral pull (p = 0.02, d = 1.30), bench press (p = 0.03, d = 1.20) with a trend for 45° leg press (p = 0.08, d = 0.96).
Cyclone during resistance training enhanced the performance of 1-RM and number of repetitions at 80% of pretraining
1RM of some training-specific tasks, all with large effect sizes. Our observations suggest that Cyclone during
resistance training substantially improves the ability to perform training-related tasks.
be enhanced with single-ingredient or dual-ingredient supplementation but less is known about resistance training
adaptations by multi-ingredient supplementation. We examined the effects of a commercial multi-ingredient
supplement on resistance training adaptations for training-specific and non-training-specific tasks in young males.
Male participants (n = 16, age 21±2 years, body mass 74.5±5.9 kg, body height 177±5 cm) had at least 1 year experience
with resistance training exercises. Training (7 muscle groups, 4 sessions/week, weekly adjustments) consisted of two 6
weeks blocks with 4 weeks between blocks. During training, participants consumed placebo (i.e. maltodextrin, n = 7) or
the sports nutritional supplement Cyclone (Maximuscle Ltd, UK, n = 9) (main ingredients creatine monohydrate, whey
protein, glutamine and HMB) twice daily with one intake <15 min following a training session. Unpaired Student’s ttest
was used for placebo and Cyclone group comparison of percentage changes with p < 0.05. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d)
were calculated for the Cyclone group. Cyclone did not enhance maximal voluntary isometric force (MVIF) (p = 0.56),
time to fatigue at 70% MVIF (p = 0.41) and peak concentric strength (60°·s-1) (p = 0.66) of m.quadriceps femoris (i.e.
the non-specific training tasks). For the specific-training tasks, Cyclone did not enhance one-repetition maximum (1-
RM) of lateral pull (p = 0.48) but there was a trend and large effect size for 1-RM of bench press (p = 0.07, d = 0.98) and
45° leg press (p = 0.07, d = 1.41). Cyclone resulted in an increase in number of repetitions for 80% pre-training 1-RM
for lateral pull (p = 0.02, d = 1.30), bench press (p = 0.03, d = 1.20) with a trend for 45° leg press (p = 0.08, d = 0.96).
Cyclone during resistance training enhanced the performance of 1-RM and number of repetitions at 80% of pretraining
1RM of some training-specific tasks, all with large effect sizes. Our observations suggest that Cyclone during
resistance training substantially improves the ability to perform training-related tasks.
Attachment: Article 3 Review.docx (14.08 KB)
Article 3 Review.docx (14.08 KB)- Thread:
- Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on performance after 4 hours of recovery.
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on performance after 4 hours of recovery.
- Author:
- Benjamin Hicks
- Posted Date:
- November 9, 2012 7:40 PM
- Status:
- Published
I find this article very interesting because I would have assumed this would have had an effect on performance. Since there is so much rapid weight lose done in sports like wrestling, judo, and MMA, I am curious what long term effects this has on the individuals body. I know many of the ways wrestlers lose weight is through water, and I can not imagine the body is not harmed in some fashion, long term. The body learns to compensate when it is not performing in it's "normal" fashion. It can only compensate so long before it something begins to break down. I would especially expect to see this breakdown in athlete later in their because while they were dehydrated they are also putting their body through rigorous training. What are your thoughts? I do not have a lot of experience with this area and I am only stating what I know about the human body.
- Thread:
- Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males
- Post:
- RE: Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males
- Author:
- Benjamin Hicks
- Posted Date:
- November 9, 2012 7:17 PM
- Status:
- Published
This study is interesting. It provides researched information that consumers can use as a reference. More of these studies should be done on popular herbal or "natural" supplements that make specific claims to their product. The more this kind of research is done, the better informed the consumers.
Although this study is focusing on this supplement for its weight loss claims, I am curious to see if there is any metabolic benefit for an athlete to take these herbal supplements. I liked this research because it seems to be rather unique with the supplements it is studying.
- Thread:
- The effects of glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed over 5 days on exercise energy metabolism and running capacity in males
- Post:
- The effects of glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed over 5 days on exercise energy metabolism and running capacity in males
- Author:
- Benjamin Hicks
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 10:28 PM
- Status:
- Published
Sorry, I forgot to attach my article.
Attachment: Research Review 3 Article.pdf (267.634 KB)
Research Review 3 Article.pdf (267.634 KB)- Thread:
- The effects of glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed over 5 days on exercise energy metabolism and running capacity in males
- Post:
- The effects of glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed over 5 days on exercise energy metabolism and running capacity in males
- Author:
- Benjamin Hicks
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 10:18 PM
- Status:
- Published
A. Citation
Hamzah, S., Higgins, S., Abraham, T., Taylor, P., Vizbaraite, D., Malkova, D. (2009). The effect of glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed over 5 days on exercise energy metabolism and running capacity in males. Journal of Sports Science, 27(14), 1545-1554.
B. Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study was to determine if the oxidation of total fat and carbohydrates and endurance capacity during running conducted in a fasting state are influenced by the glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed over a 5 day period. With much research showing the positive effects of increased carbohydrate intake over a several day period before an endurance event, this research seemed appropriate to see if similar finding were discovered.
C. Methods & Materials
Nine healthy active male participated in this study. Six of these participants have regularly trained for distance running events at regional and national competitions. The other participants consisted of football players and a skateboarder. All of the participants had been involved with regular endurance training for at least 4 years.
Each participant was randomly performed three treadmill runs to exhaustion at 65% VO2max. One following their regular diet, as the control trial, another after 5 days on a high carbohydrate/high glycaemic index diet, and another after 5 days on a high carbohydrate/ low glycaemic index diet. Each trial was separated by a period of a minimum of 11 days. The 5 days leading up to the first treadmill trial all exercise was recorded and asked to be replicated for the other two trials. Each participant was also asked to limit their activities to activities of daily living and slow walking with zero alcohol consumption two days prior to each trial. Participants recorded all fluids consumed 24 hours leading up to the trial and asked to repeat this for the trend for the following trials. They were also instructed to consume about a liter of water the night before and 500 ml in the morning before each running trial. Two weeks prior to any running trial, all participants went through a familiarization run to ensure their running speed corresponded to 65% VO2max.
Before each running trial each participant underwent a 12 hour fasting period. They were also weighed and a cannula was inserted in an antecubital vein. Participants then rested in a seated position for 10 minutes before a baseline blood sample was drawn and expired air was collected. A brief warm-up of 5 minutes continuous running at 60% VO2maxfollowed by a 5 minutes of stretching was performed before the participant ran to exhaustion on the treadmill at the speed equivalent to their VO2max. The experimental diets were based on the habitual energy requirements, which were calculated by adding energy expenditures of planned and structured exercise estimated from 5-day physical activity diaries.
D. Summary of Results/Conclusion
At the end of this study no significant differences in rates of fat and carbohydrate oxidation, concentration of plasma insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol or time to exhaustion were observed between the high carbohydrate/ high glycaemic index and high carbohydrate/ low glycaemic index trials. Compared with the control trial, the concentration of plasma glycerol and rate of fat oxidation were lower (P < 0.05) and the rate of carbohydrate oxidation was higher (P < 0.05) in both of the experimental groups. The main finding with this study is that high carbohydrate diets consumed for 5 days reduce the rate of fat oxidation during running in the fasted state is not influenced by the glycaemic index of the particular diet. Glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed for 5 days also has no impact on running capacity. These findings demonstrate that consideration of the glycaemic index of a high carbohydrate diet consumed 3-5 days prior to an endurance event is not necessary.
E. Critique of the Study
This study was done very well and controlled a lot of variables. I believe a larger number of subjects should have been used for this study and I feel both males and females should have been included. Since they were specifically focusing on the male population in this study, I feel that a large group could have helped collect more data. Also, when most of the participants in this study had previously participated in some high level of endurance event and very few had not, I feel this may distort the overall results. I think the results of this study could have been better if all of the participants were similar in regards to their experience with endurance running.
F. Practical Application
The application of this research can be made for cross country or track coaches when they are trying to help an athlete form a pre-game meal. This will help the coach limit the amount of things they need to consider when deciding on an appropriate diet. The evidence found in this research can also help athlete make better informed decisions about the food they consume prior to an event. As an athletic trainer the information found in this research can be used to help better educate our athletes about proper pre-game meals.
G. Questions:
Why did they stay with such a small subject size?
Why wasn’t experience with endurance running kept relatively similar between all the subjects?
Why was a 5 day period prior to the endurance event used instead of a full week?
Why was this study limited to men only?
- Thread:
- Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Author:
- Timothy Gabriel
- Posted Date:
- October 31, 2012 3:36 PM
- Status:
- Published
It is interesting that the casein group actually gained lean mass. I have read that casein is a longer digesting protein. Maybe this was the cause that made these players gain lean mass. It would also be very interesting to see what the gains might have been if a resistance training program was conducted during the competition. Cool article.
- Thread:
- caffeine and performance
- Post:
- RE: caffeine and performance
- Author:
- Timothy Gabriel
- Posted Date:
- October 31, 2012 3:28 PM
- Status:
- Published
Its interesting that caffeine reduced reaction times. I would think it would be the opposite. Good job.
- Thread:
- The effects of a carbohydrate-protein gel supplement on alpine slalom ski performance
- Post:
- RE: The effects of a carbohydrate-protein gel supplement on alpine slalom ski performance
- Author:
- Timothy Gabriel
- Posted Date:
- October 31, 2012 3:22 PM
- Status:
- Published
- Thread:
- The effects of a carbohydrate-protein gel supplement on alpine slalom ski performance
- Post:
- The effects of a carbohydrate-protein gel supplement on alpine slalom ski performance
- Author:
- Timothy Gabriel
- Posted Date:
- October 31, 2012 3:21 PM
- Status:
- Published
A. Seifert J.G., Kipp, R.W., and Bacharach, D.W. 2012. The effects of a carbohydrate-protein gel supplement on alpine slalom ski performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 11, 537-541
B. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a carbohydrate-protein gel supplement on alpine slalom ski performance.
C. The study was approved by the university’s institutional review board and subjects provided written informed consent and ascent forms. Twelve female and 12 male elite junior club ski racers participated in the study. The average age, height, and weight was 16.2 ±1.9 y, 1.71 ± 0.07 m, and 66.3 ± 9.5 kg, respectively. Skiers were matched based on sex, age, and the slalom points system used by United States Ski & Snowboard Association (USSA).
One group of skiers (n=12) took the energy GEL and the other group of skiers (n=12) took the liquid noncaloric flavored placebo (PLA) following each training run. The GEL packet consisted of 20g or CHO, 5g whey protein, 115 mg sodium, and 20 mg potassium. The GEL was ingested with 150 mL of water after the second timed run and after each of the training runs. The PLA group ingested 150 mL in the same manner as the GEL group. Subjects received the same dosage the second day as the first and were told that this study was only testing gels compared to sports drinks and that they should maintain their normal diets. The skiers completed two consecutive days of training that took place from 13:00 to 15:00 each day. Courses were set in accordance with International Ski Federation (ISF) and USSA standards. Each training session consisted of two hours keeping in line with the skier’s normal routine. Skiers completed a warm up run, two timed runs of 48 gates per run, two or three untimed runs of 42 gates per run, and lastly two more timed runs on the courses that were timed before. Older skiers (16-18y of age) skied three untimed runs while younger skiers (14-16y of age) skied two untimed runs. The combination of the two timed runs simulated the structure of competition races. Performance assessment was based on the number of DNF runs, comparing the finishing times between treatments of the combined times of the two posit-training runs, and the number of gates completed. Also, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was ascertained 5 minutes after the final run using the Borg 10 pt. scale. The DNF, finishing time, and RPE data was analyzed using a 2x2 ANOVA with independent t-test used to differentiate means upon an interaction.
D. A significant difference was found between treatments for DNF in post training timed runs. The GEL group had 7 DNF’s out of 48 timed runs (15%) were the PLA had 18 DNF’s out of 48 (38%). When separated by days the GEL group had 8% day 1, and 21% day 2 of DNF’s were the PLA group had 42% day 1, and 33% day 2 of DNF’s. No difference was found in gates completed between groups on day 1 but day 2 the GEL group completed a greater number then the PLA. There was no significant difference between groups based on RPE but the gel group was much lower than the PLA.
The results of this study showed that there was an improvement in the group that took the GEL and that this improvement helped the skiers achieve a higher training quality and quantity.
E. This study was done very well and showed that the ingestion of the GEL had substantial results on the individuals that took it. The only thing that would have been interesting to know was did it help them decrease their overall times. This was not possible due to the DNF’s of the PLA group. Perhaps using an older more trained group in a future study would be able to provide these results.
F. The take away from this is that there may be situations where a sport gel such as the one used in the test will help to improve and sustain performance for your athlete involved in high intensity sports.
1. What would the results have been if an older higher trained group was used for testing?
2. Would the results be the same for another high intensity sport?
- Thread:
- Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Author:
- Sheena Forero
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 8:30 PM
- Status:
- Published
Love this study! Great job! I really like how they tested different types of protein, however, I would have to agree with Justin on the amount of protein recommended for athletes possibly making a difference on the results of the study. Also information on resistance training if they were engaged in any during the season.
- Thread:
- Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Post:
- RE: Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Author:
- Sheena Forero
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 8:23 PM
- Status:
- Published
Awesome topic! I agree with you though about the problem with testing collegiate athletes cause again like you said the idea would more than likley be shot down by athletic department personnel such as coaches or IRB. NCAA is already strict about the recovery drinks you can provide to athletes (carb to protein ratio of I believe 2:1).
- Thread:
- Is caffeine withdrawal necessary prior to seeing its benefits?
- Post:
- RE: Is caffeine withdrawal necessary prior to seeing its benefits?
- Author:
- Sheena Forero
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 8:17 PM
- Status:
- Published
Nice topic. I want to say I absolutely agree with the results of this study from personal experience! After consuming a lot of caffeine in drinks such as Redline, I have to back off for a while to see actual effects (however, I don't consume a lot of caffeine anymore) : )
Side note: like how you structured your posting (easy to read) and now I know I'm changing mine : )
- Thread:
- Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink...
- Post:
- Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink...
- Author:
- Sheena Forero
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 8:05 PM
- Status:
- Published
Kalman, D. S., Feldman, S.,Krieger, D. R., & Bloomer, R. J. (2012). Comparison of coconut water and acarbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physicalperformance in exercise-trained men. Journal of the International Society ofSports Nutrition, 9(1).
Thepurpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two different forms ofcoconut water (concentrated and not from concentrate) and acarbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration status andphysical performance in exercise-trained men.
Thestudy used 12 exercised trained men who were eligible to participate aftercompleting a healthy history questionnaire and physical examination. All the subjects were instructed tomaintain their pre-study exercise program throughout the course of the study,with the exception of refraining from exercise during the 24 hours prior toeach test day. On initialscreening day, height, body mass, heart rate, and blood pressure where allrecorded for baseline. On each ofthe four test days, subjects reported to the lab in the morning following anovernight fast (no food or beverages other than water were allowed aftermidnight). After baselineassessments, subjects were provided with a standardized breakfast consisting ofa bagel, one tablespoon of cream cheese, and up to 470 mL of water. Sixty minutes after the conclusion ofthe standardized breakfast, subjects performed the dehydrating exercise test. This test consisted of two, 30-minutesbouts of walking/jogging, interspersed with a 10-minute rest period. Specifically, subjects walked/jogged at2. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 miles per hour on a motorized treadmill, using a grade of0% (five minutes of exercise was performed at each speed). Within minutes following the conclusionof the dehydration exercise test, subjects received their assigned condition(beverage). The study designinvolved a random order, single blind, cross-over assignment to one of the followingfour conditions: Supermarket brand bottled water, pure coconut water(VitaCoco), coconut water from concentrate, or a carbohydrate-electrolyte sportdrink. The amount of beverage wasdetermined based on the total amount of body mass lost during the dehydratingexercise protocol using the equation 1300 mL.kg-1 x kg loss = amount of beverage consumed (mL). Subjects were allowed 60 minutes toconsume the entire volume of beverage. Each condition was consumed on a different test day, with minimum offive days separating test visits. Performancetesting involved subjects walking on a motorized treadmill which remained on aconstant speed of 4.2 miles per hour throughout the test, however, every threeminutes they would increase the intensity by increasing the incline as follows:min 1-3, 0%; min 4-6, 2.5%; min 7-9, 5%; min 10-12, 7.5%; min 13-15, 10%; min16-18, 12.5%; min 19-21, 15%. Subjects exercised until volitional exhaustion and the total exercisetime was recorded. Inaddition to the measure of total exercise time obtained in the performance testdescribed above, the following variables were used as outcome measures: bodymass, plasma osmolality, urine specific gravity, and subjective measures(thirst, bloatedness, refreshed, stomach upset, and tiredness). Subjective measures were assessedimmediately, 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes follow the dehydratingexercise test.
Overallthe study found that subjects lost approximately 1.7 kg during the dehydratingexercise testing and regained this amount in a relatively similar mannerfollowing consumption of all conditions. No significant differences were noted between coconut water, coconutwater concentrate, and sport drink for any measures of fluid retention. Regarding exercise performance, nosignificant difference was noted between bottled water, coconut water, coconutwater concentrate, and sport drink. In general, subjects reported feeling more bloated and experiencedgreater upset stomachaches with the coconut water and coconut water concentrateconditions.
Thefirst critique of this study was the lack of obtaining nutritional intakerecords of all the subjects during the study. I believe it would be valuable information to determine ifany supplements were being used during the study or if any macronutrients couldhave been an outside factor to results. Another critique of the study was measuring performance exercise testingwith volitional exhaustion. Ibelieve that motivation could play a role in the perception exhaustion;therefore, time trial test should be applied in further studies as stated inthe discussion section of the article.
Chiefly,the information obtained from this study could be used by athletes and coacheswhen determining preferences in rehydration protocol.
- Thread:
- Is caffeine withdrawal necessary prior to seeing its benefits?
- Post:
- RE: Is caffeine withdrawal necessary prior to seeing its benefits?
- Author:
- Garrett Fletcher
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 7:56 PM
- Status:
- Published
That was a pretty cool review and article to choose. It put an interesting perspective on caffeine as an ergogenic aid. Good job Laura!
- Thread:
- A paleolithic diet confers higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure than a cereal-based diet in domestic pigs
- Post:
- RE: A paleolithic diet confers higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure than a cereal-based diet in domestic pigs
- Author:
- Garrett Fletcher
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 7:54 PM
- Status:
- Published
This sounded pretty interesting!!! I could definitely take some of this and apply it to theory/routines for programming for athletes that must make weight for competition.! Good review of the article Lindsey.
- Thread:
- Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on performance after 4 hours of recovery.
- Post:
- Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on performance after 4 hours of recovery.
- Author:
- Garrett Fletcher
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 7:52 PM
- Status:
- Published
RESEARCH REVIEW #3
Source: Artioli, G., Iglesias, R., Franchini, E., Gualano, B., Kashiwagura, D., Solis, M., Benatti, F., Fuchs, M., and Lancha, A., (2009b). Rapid weight loss followed by recovery time does not affect judo-related performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 28(1), pp.21-32.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of rapid weight loss followed by a 4-hour recovery on judo performance.
Methods/Tools:
The authors assigned seven non-weight cycling athletes to a control group (no weight reduction), and they assigned seven weight-cycling athletes to the weight loss group, which was set at a 5% body weight reduction by self-selected strategies. Each of the subjects’ body composition, lactate, glucose and performance were assessed pre- and post- weight reduction that occurred 5-7 days apart. For ethical reasons, the authors excluded any participants that regularly used any form of laxatives, diuretics or diet pills. In addition, the weight loss group was allowed 4-hours of recovery time after weigh-in to rehydrate and eat.
Performance for this experiment was measured through the combination of a specific judo exercise, a 5-minute judo combat and finally three bouts of the upper-body Wingate Test. The judo specific exercise, as well as the combat, were tailored to be as specific as possible to the situations seen in actual competition and recovery times seen in competition. The weigh-ins occurred on the 5th or 7th day after the pre- testing day. The weight loss group was given 5 days to cut down to the designated weight, and both groups were required to record daily nutritional food records for the final three days leading up to weigh-in. The reason for this is due to the authors’ findings that wrestling and judo athletes begin rapid weight loss 48 hours before weigh-in. Blood samples were taken from the earlobes of each subject before pre-intervention and post- intervention during the resting period, 3 minutes after the judo exercise, and 3 minutes after the final Wingate test bout.
All variables were statistically analyzed, minus nutritional intake data, through a mixed model, two-way ANOVA. In addition, a Schwarz’s Bayesian criterion the best model for each set of data. As for the nutritional food intake, a non-paired student’s T-test was used for statistical analysis.
Results/Discussion:
After analysis of all the data, the author’s found the athletes in the weight loss group used a combination of severe energy restriction and dehydrating methods to make their target weight for this study, and the control group maintained their weight pre- to post- intervention. After the 4 hour recovery period post- weigh-in, the weight loss athletes regained 51 +/- 13% of their lost body weight putting them slightly higher. As expected, the same group reported significantly less ingestion of food leading up to weigh-in. Looking at performance data, they observed a very minute improvement in Upper-Body Wingate Test performance compared to baseline numbers, but in the end there were no significant findings suggesting rapid weight loss having no affect on performance. In addition, there were no differences found between plasma lactate between either group or any conditions.
Their main finding of the study was that rapid weight loss of body weight (up to 5%) achieved by typical judo player strategies, when followed by a 4-hour time period for recover, did not affect simulated judo performance or arm power. Furthermore, their data also supported findings in other studies (Buford et al., (2006); Finn et al., (2004)) that suggest experienced or chronic weight-cyclers have the ability to adapt to rapid weight loss procedures, which would result in less negative effects on performance. Moreover, they point out through further review of current research that these adaptations caused by chronically weight-cycling athletes are associated with the period of time between weigh-in and recovery, not during weight reduction. However, the authors make another point that those studies did not use intense enough performance evaluation tools, nor protocol specific or similar enough to real competition demands. Therefore, they hypothesized negative effects on performance will be seen if more intense exercise protocol is used in future similar studies.
Critique of Article:
In my opinion, this article was well structured, enjoyable to read, very informative and used proper statistical analysis of the data. As I read pushed through I began to ask questions in my mind that ended up being answered in the discussion section. Moreover, the suggestion for further research on this topic with more intense protocols was the most important point they could have made to remove the feeling of the authors’ having a “biased” perspective on their findings. However, my biggest critique is that the authors set their weight loss marker to 5% of body mass, when athletes around the world in sports with “less regulations” on making weight are cutting up to 20% of body mass 1-3 weeks away from weigh-in (Dolce, 2010).
Practical Application:
The biggest take away from this study is it can be used for further research on similar sports, such as MMA. By the same token, sports nutritionists can use the findings from the food intake data to begin creating sport specific nutritional programming for these athletes, as well as foundations for further research in the nutritional intake side of sports science. Aside from that, it may be difficult for coaches to apply this to their daily routine. However, they can recommend athletes/fighters with no experience in weight cycling to be extremely cautious and see their physician before executing any rapid weight loss strategy.
Other Sources:
1.) Buford, T. W., Rossi, S. J., Smith, D. B., O'Brien, M. S., & Picketing, C. (2006). The effect of a competitive wrestling season on body weight, hydration, and muscular performance in collegiate wrestlers.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. (20), pp.689-692.
2.) Dolce, M., (2010). The Dolce Diet. Dolce Enterprises, Inc.
3.) Finn, K. J., Dolgener, F. A., & Williams, R. B. (2004). Effects of carbohydrate refeeding on physiological responses and psycho- logical and physical performance following acute weight reduction in collegiate wrestlers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, (18), pp.328-333.
Attachment: RESEARCH REVIEW #3 Artioli 2010.docx (135.812 KB)
RESEARCH REVIEW #3 Artioli 2010.docx (135.812 KB)- Thread:
- The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Post:
- RE: The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 12:02 PM
- Status:
- Published
:)
- Thread:
- The effects of glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed over 5 days on exercise energy metabolism and running capacity in males
- Post:
- RE: The effects of glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed over 5 days on exercise energy metabolism and running capacity in males
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 12:00 PM
- Status:
- Published
The sample size was likely based on the availability of people that feel into this particular category of athletes. One of the major challenges with TRUE sports science is small sample sizes. Will Hopkins is a statistician that takes a slightly different approach. He attempts to look at the least amount of significant change from pre to post test. Thi is especially relevant for elite atheltes that may only experience a marginal gain from some form of training/nutritional intervention.
- Thread:
- The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Post:
- RE: The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:54 AM
- Status:
- Published
One of the most useful articles I have read!;)
Just goes to show you that even a blind squirrel can occasionally find a nut!:)
Just goes to show you that even a blind squirrel can occasionally find a nut!:)
- Thread:
- The Paleo Diet: A skeptical View
- Post:
- RE: The Paleo Diet: A skeptical View
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:50 AM
- Status:
- Published
All the way back in 2000!!! Just goes to show you the cyclical nature of most dieting trends.
- Thread:
- caffeine and performance
- Post:
- RE: caffeine and performance
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:49 AM
- Status:
- Published
I may have missed it, but how was reaction time measured?
- Thread:
- Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink...
- Post:
- RE: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink...
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:46 AM
- Status:
- Published
Good study. This has been a topic that seems to be coming up a lot more frequently lately among many of the groups I work with.
- Thread:
- Carbohydrate and protein timing
- Post:
- RE: Carbohydrate and protein timing
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:43 AM
- Status:
- Published
Michael. Just to clarify. Diet was not controlled correct?
- Thread:
- Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:40 AM
- Status:
- Published
Great application
- Thread:
- A paleolithic diet confers higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure than a cereal-based diet in domestic pigs
- Post:
- RE: A paleolithic diet confers higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure than a cereal-based diet in domestic pigs
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:38 AM
- Status:
- Published
I am going to start raising "Paleo Pigs" and sell them at a premium for being leaner cuts of meat!
- Thread:
- The Effects of Oxygenated Water on Exercise Physiology During Incremental Exercise and Recovery
- Post:
- RE: The Effects of Oxygenated Water on Exercise Physiology During Incremental Exercise and Recovery
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:32 AM
- Status:
- Published
I remember asking a company one time how this worked and they told me it was h2o2. Which ironically is hydrogen peroxide. When I asked the rep about this he repsponded "I never thought of that". :)
- Thread:
- Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on uscle relaxation time in humans
- Post:
- RE: Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on uscle relaxation time in humans
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:27 AM
- Status:
- Published
This is very relevant based on how many pre-workout supplements combine caffeine and creatine.
- Thread:
- Hydration Behaviors
- Post:
- RE: Hydration Behaviors
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:24 AM
- Status:
- Published
It would also be interesting to see this replicated in an athletic population (High school, college, etc)
- Thread:
- Hydration Behaviors
- Post:
- RE: Hydration Behaviors
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:23 AM
- Status:
- Published
Cool study. It would be good to see if nutritional interventions may help influence food choices, especially in the coastal bend area where obesity/diabetes is such a huge issue.
- Thread:
- Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available sports drinks during prolonged exercise in the heat
- Post:
- RE: Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available sports drinks during prolonged exercise in the heat
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:20 AM
- Status:
- Published
That is odd gender was not specified. Were they elite cyclists? That may explain the smaller sample size. While 7 is not much when you look a the entire number of elite(really elite) cyclists that is not a bad representative sample.
- Thread:
- Antioxidant status of elite athletes remains impaired 2 weeks after a simulated altitude training camp
- Post:
- RE: Antioxidant status of elite athletes remains impaired 2 weeks after a simulated altitude training camp
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:15 AM
- Status:
- Published
Based on this would you recommend possibly supplementing vitmins a,c and e when training at altitiude for an extended period of time?
- Thread:
- Echinacea Supplementation and Running Economy
- Post:
- RE: Echinacea Supplementation and Running Economy
- Author:
- James Dawes
- Posted Date:
- November 20, 2012 11:10 AM
- Status:
- Published
Interesting. Echinacea is also very commonly used to ward off illness. Based on the results of this study it looks like it may be worth an endurance athlete trying ECH. Worst/bets case scenario if it actually does improve immune function it may help ward off Upper- Respiratory Tract infections that these groups are prone to.
- Thread:
- Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Author:
- Dara Dalton
- Posted Date:
- October 25, 2012 11:24 PM
- Status:
- Published
Cool study!
It is no surprise that there was an increase in uric acid within the WP group.
I also believe there would not be a difference in performance without supplementation but then again, what the heck do I know - science proves it all, right?
I wonder if a plant-based protein powder would have a different or similar effect on the athletes?
It is no surprise that there was an increase in uric acid within the WP group.
I also believe there would not be a difference in performance without supplementation but then again, what the heck do I know - science proves it all, right?
I wonder if a plant-based protein powder would have a different or similar effect on the athletes?
- Thread:
- Antioxidant status of elite athletes remains impaired 2 weeks after a simulated altitude training camp
- Post:
- RE: Antioxidant status of elite athletes remains impaired 2 weeks after a simulated altitude training camp
- Author:
- Dara Dalton
- Posted Date:
- October 10, 2012 10:20 AM
- Status:
- Published
Elizabeth,
This is a very interesting study considering not much research has been conducted in regards to antioxidant levels after exposure to altitude in endurance athletes.
The unanswered questions you listed are intelligent and "out of the box." After reading your review I was also wondering about the gender difference involved in the study. I feel that an equal ratio may produce different results considering hormone disparities.
Good job!
This is a very interesting study considering not much research has been conducted in regards to antioxidant levels after exposure to altitude in endurance athletes.
The unanswered questions you listed are intelligent and "out of the box." After reading your review I was also wondering about the gender difference involved in the study. I feel that an equal ratio may produce different results considering hormone disparities.
Good job!
- Thread:
- Echinacea Supplementation and Running Economy
- Post:
- Echinacea Supplementation and Running Economy
- Author:
- Dara Dalton
- Posted Date:
- October 1, 2012 12:04 PM
- Status:
- Published
Research Review Assignment III
A. Research by Whitehead, MT, Martin, TD, Scheett, TP, and Webster, MJ. Running Economy and Maximal Oxygen Consumption after 4 Weeks of Oral Echinacea Supplementation. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(7): 1928 - 1933, 2012.
B. The intention of this study was to look into and establish ingesting an oral Echinacea (ECH) supplementation for a duration of four weeks and the resulting effects on serum erythropoietin (EPO), red blood cell (RBC) count, maximal oxygen uptake (V02 max) and maximal running via treadmill in Homo Sapiens subjects. Concisely, to determine if the Echinacea supplement will aid in an increase in EPO thus improving the use of oxygen capacity.
C. Twenty-four evidently healthy male students were hired to contribute to the study. All participants were equally and randomly assigned into two groups and ingested either the ECH supplement or placebo (PLA) for twenty-eight consecutive days. Initial and weekly testing over a four week period incorporated a graded exercise testing familiarization session and a graded exercise test (GXT) protocol, blood anthology, supplementation and daily log of supplementation intake, three-day diet recall, dietary management, physical activity recall and physical activity management. All participants were asked to avoid strenuous physical activity, alcohol and caffeine forty-eight hours before all testing sessions. They were also requested to maintain their diet patterns obtained from the three-day dietary recall throughout the duration of the study and to avoid deviating from regular dietary and activity patterns. All measurements were evaluated between the two groups during each week of the four-week supplementation period.
D. This study resulted in a considerable increase in serum EPO, progression in running economy (RE) and an increase in V02max. Data from the study suggests that ingesting eight thousand milligrams of the oral Echinacea supplement per day in duration of four weeks will result in an increase in serum EPO but not a substantial increase in RBC. The EPO increase was followed by an increase in V02max and running economy. These results show that theEchinacea supplementation will increase EPO and V02max as well as running economy as autonomous of a considerable increase in RBC.
E. Considering the elemental influences determining the reliability of the research, the writing is grammatically acceptable; in addition, the arrangement is methodical and easy to follow. The description of the study is clearly declared and precise while the synopsis proposes a concise and palpable observation of the study including the research question at hand, the sample, methods, and results. The purpose of the study is acknowledged in the introduction and the report has a natural and linked flow of steps in the research process represented in a logical and empirical consistency.
This study is not wholly reliable considering a previous study did not result in a significant increase regarding maximal oxygen uptake while the present study claims to be the first resulting in a significant increase in V02max. In addition, relating to a decrease in sub V02max, a first in significant improvement in running economy resulted from the data. Since these results are the first of their kind it is difficult to compare the data to similar studies therefore the indications of an Echinacea supplement improving aerobic capacity may not be valid.
F. According to the study, if Echinacea results in a significant increase in serum erythropoietin and improvements in maximal oxygen uptake during running this nutritional supplement may offer an improvement in aerobic performance in endurance athletes.
Unanswered Questions:
1. The subjects used in this study were male; is there a possibility that female subjects may respond differently to theEchinacea supplementation?
2. The discussion mentions an increase in serum EPO from another similar study after exposure to hypoxia. From this similar study it is implicated that training over 1,000 feet above sea level will result in this serum EPO increase. Is it possible that if an athlete training at this geographical level utilizes Echinacea he/she will experience a positive effect from the supplement? If this is true then can athletes training at this level ONLY experience a positive effect – will “sea level” athletes experience a decrease or no effect?
Attachment: Echinacea study.pdf (917.269 KB)
Echinacea study.pdf (917.269 KB)- Thread:
- Carbohydrate and protein timing
- Post:
- RE: Carbohydrate and protein timing
- Author:
- Juan Cruz
- Posted Date:
- November 8, 2012 10:45 PM
- Status:
- Published
Nice job Michael! In this profession we all know the importance of timing and how it affects our muscle composition. CHO and protein are sometimes often underrated are often misunderstood. Simple yet effective studies such as this one, can help educate and further understand the effects of this type of supplementation and the impact it has on the body.
- Thread:
- Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Post:
- RE: Long-Term Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Power
- Author:
- Juan Cruz
- Posted Date:
- November 8, 2012 10:35 PM
- Status:
- Published
I agree Justin, supplementation of any kind is a sensitive subject as far as collegiate athletics go and also for the normal person. I also like how they let the athletes take home the pills but I also question the fact that the athletes actually followed protocol and ingested the pills. Good breakdown of the study.
- Thread:
- Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on uscle relaxation time in humans
- Post:
- Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on uscle relaxation time in humans
- Author:
- Juan Cruz
- Posted Date:
- October 31, 2012 4:52 PM
- Status:
- Published
Source
Hespel, P., Op 'T Eijnde, B., & Van Leemputte, M. (2001). Opposite actions of caffeine and
creatine on muscle relaxation time in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 513
518.
Purpose
The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of the creatine and caffeine supplementation, alone or in combination, on muscle relaxation time.
Methods and Materials
The subjects were 10 (9 men; 1 woman) physical education students that volunteered for this study. They were in between the ages of 21-24 and physically active. The subjects were advised to refrain from any medication or caffeine products 1 week prior to the start of the study. The subjects were also asked to maintain their current level of activity and continue their current diet. The subjects were assigned in random order to five experimental protocols that lasted eight days each and separated by a 5 week washout period. The subjects participated in a pretest on day 0 of the 8 day protocol. On day 7 subjects took part in a posttest that resembled the pretest. There were five different protocols that the subjects all participated in but were randomly assigned throughout the study. Protocol A (Cr) called for the subjects to ingest 5g of creatine monohydrate four times a day for four days (days 3-6). In protocol B (Caf) the subjects took caffeine capsules that consisted of 5mg caffeine∙kg body ∙ and were ingested at breakfast. This amount was to be consumed for three days during days 4-6. In protocol C (Cr+Caf) the subjects took the 5g of creatine monohydrate with the 5mg caffeine∙kg body ∙ . This combination was consumed on days 4-6 and followed the same ingestion timing as protocols A and B. Protocol D was acute caffeine (ACaf) where the subjects received 5mg caffeine/kg body weight 1 hour before testing on day 7 only. Protocol E was all placebo supplements and ingested from days 3 to 7. The placebo powders were matched in taste and appearance to match that of the creatine. In the placebo powder was citrate (60mg/g of creatine) and maltodextrine (940 mg/g of creatine). Subjects had to dissolve powder in 150 ml of hot water immediately before taking. Contraction time and relaxation time were measured through electrical stimulation.
Summary of Results/Conclusion
Contraction time for the experimental groups showed no significant difference between the groups. Relaxation time in the groups that had Caffeine (Ca, Cr+Caf, and ACaf) had on average longer relaxation times than those of creatine groups. Study suggests that creatine supplementation shortens muscle relaxation times in humans. The ingestion of caffeine counteracted the potential benefit of the creatine and was increased by fatigue. This inhibition took place in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by affecting the Ca-ATPase activity levels because of falling pH and ATP levels. The caffeine supplementation affects the Ca-ATPase function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, the acute caffeine supplementation (ACaf) did not have any significant effect on muscle relaxation time. This study suggests that caffeine supplementation negatively affects the benefits that supplementing creatine would have on muscle relaxation time.
Critique
Overall I thought the study was done quite well. At first, the protocol was a little hard to follow as I had to go back and read it a few times before I understood it. I feel that there should have been more subjects especially females. Also, I like how they used “normal” subjects as opposed to athletes being that some levels of this type of supplementation is not approved by some collegiate organizations.
Practical
I feel that caffeine and creatine supplementation can be effective separately. This would take strenuous care on the part of the athlete and/or trainer. Creatine alone can be advised to elite athletes and can be extremely beneficial to their workouts. Again, athletes need to be aware of legal and illegal amounts and types of supplements that are allowed by governing bodies of their respective teams and leagues.
Questions
1. Why weren’t more subjects used?
2. Why weren’t more women involved in study?
3. How would these amounts of the supplements administered affect elite level athletes?
Attachment: Caffeine and creatine article.pdf (83.849 KB)
Caffeine and creatine article.pdf (83.849 KB)- Thread:
- Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink...
- Post:
- RE: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink...
- Author:
- Samantha Cochran
- Posted Date:
- November 8, 2012 10:27 AM
- Status:
- Published
I think absorption rate of each product may have been better investigation or maybe the rate at which dehydration occurred with each product being the primary source of fluid intake prior to exercise.
- Thread:
- The effects of glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed over 5 days on exercise energy metabolism and running capacity in males
- Post:
- RE: The effects of glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed over 5 days on exercise energy metabolism and running capacity in males
- Author:
- Samantha Cochran
- Posted Date:
- November 8, 2012 9:56 AM
- Status:
- Published
I agree with you that the study could have been more valid if more subjects were used. I think the level of training in endurance activity the subjects had may have also skewed the results. Good review of the research article.
- Thread:
- Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males
- Post:
- Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males
- Author:
- Samantha Cochran
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 10:06 PM
- Status:
- Published
Sale, C., Harris, R., Delves, S., & Corbett, J. (2006). Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males. International Journal of Obesity, 30, 764–773.
The purpose of the study was to see the acute effects of ingesting a commercial formula that contained bitter orange extracts, green tea, and guarana on the metabolic rate and substrate utilization in overweight, adult, males at rest and during treadmill walking. Bitter orange ingestion is thought to promote weight loss and increased thermogenesis, while having a minimal effect on blood pressure and heart rate and green tea and guarana contain caffeine which is thought to help metabolism when ingested.
Two studies were performed both using two different sets of ten sedentary, non-smoking, adult males with more than 20 percent body fat, with group one having an average age of 25 and group two having an average age of 27. In study one, subjects completed a seven hour supine rest with baseline measures taken during the first hour, with expired gases, blood pressure, heart rate and venous blood being collected every thirty minutes for the remaining six hours following ingestion of the test mixture or placebo. In study two, subjects exercised for sixty minutes at 60 percent of maximal heart rate following ingestion of the test mixture or placebo one hour before. Venous
blood samples were collected twice at rest and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes, with expired gas measurements taken at 4, 9, 14, 19, 29, 39, 49 and 59 minutes. In both studies, venous blood was analysed for free fatty acids, glycerol, glucose and lactate concentrations, while expired gases were used to calculate ATP production from carbohydrate and free fatty acids, as well as the total substrate utilized.
The results of both studies showed that a single dose of bitter orange, green tea, and guarana mixture does not have an effect on ATP utilization during six hours of rest or during sixty minutes of treadmill walking at sixty percent of maximal heart rate. However, the ingestion of the test mixture did have an effect of the contribution of carbohydrates versus free fatty acids in the production of ATP in both states. The carbohydrate contribution increased as much as thirty percent in the resting test group.
I think it was a good study in examining the claims of natural supplements that claim aiding in weight loss. I think it was beneficial for them to not only take the results of there study, but also look at the results of studies that looked at just caffeine and compared the results.
This study has a practical in application for those individuals looking to find ways to help them lose weight. It opens the door to more scientific research to study herbal supplements in this capacity and provides applicable research for consumers.
Questions:
Would results change if the subjects were female?
Would results change if the subjects were older?
Would results change if the subjects were not currently sedentary?
Attachment: Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting.pdf (235.398 KB)
Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting.pdf (235.398 KB)- Thread:
- Spicy Food linked to lowered triglyceride levels after meal
- Post:
- RE: Spicy Food linked to lowered triglyceride levels after meal
- Author:
- Marianita Carbajal
- Posted Date:
- November 6, 2012 3:45 PM
- Status:
- Published
This is an interesting article. I am not much of a spicy food eater so I have never really thought of how it could effect the functioning of the body. I would be interested to see if there were any more studies done on the subject with a larger sample of participants to see if the changes are really significant.
- Thread:
- Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on uscle relaxation time in humans
- Post:
- RE: Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on uscle relaxation time in humans
- Author:
- Marianita Carbajal
- Posted Date:
- November 6, 2012 3:42 PM
- Status:
- Published
I think this was a good way to clarify when and what type of athletes should supplement each thing under their own special circumstances. I also like how they used "normal" subjects, seeing as many amatuers out there are purchasing so many different supplements for different reasons that may not even make sense. So seeing how these supplements can effect the average persona as well as an athlete can be very helpful.
- Thread:
- The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Post:
- RE: The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Author:
- Marianita Carbajal
- Posted Date:
- November 6, 2012 3:38 PM
- Status:
- Published
I do see how it would be possible for some fitness or nutritional professionals to overstep their boundaries and give advise that could potentially be detrimental to the client. I think it is important for both professionals to cross-train in each of the subjects so that they may be able give sufficient advise.
- Thread:
- Glycemic Index and Endurance Athletes- messed up last post
- Post:
- Glycemic Index and Endurance Athletes- messed up last post
- Author:
- Marianita Carbajal
- Posted Date:
- October 30, 2012 6:20 PM
- Status:
- Published
Anita Carbajal
Oct 2012
Oct 2012
Research Review #3
Glycemic Index and Endurance Performance
Glycemic Index and Endurance Performance
Donaldson, C. M., Perry, T. L., & Rose, M. C. (2010).Glycemic Index and Endurance Performance.International Journal Of SportNutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 20(2), 154-165.
The Glycemic Index was introducedin the 1980s as a mean of classifying carbohydrates. It was designed to ratedigestion and absorption of the carbohydrates that are in food. During the1990s, the glycemic index went under investigation in order to determine its’potential for effecting and improving sport performance. The purpose of thisarticle was to provide an up-to-date summary of the evidence and research thatinvolves the different effects that the glycemic index can have on enduranceperformance.
The methods and materials of thisarticle mainly consisted to discussions on previously published studies on thetopic. The studies involved, discuss the validity of the glycemic index, aswell as the effects of the glycemic index on carbohydrates consumed beforeexercise, during exercise, and after exercise. They also discussed thelimitations of those studies that are published which allows you to realizewhat still needs to be researched even further.
Research has shown that moststudies on this subject would suggest for athletes to consume low glycemicindex carbohydrates before exercise because it is more likely to result in animproved metabolic profile while the athlete is exercising, however it may notnecessarily improve performance. Studies also suggest that although consuminglow glycemic index carbohydrates before exercise may provide some benefits toathletes, there has been no research to indicate that consuming high glycemicindex carbohydrates before exercise would hinder performance for the athlete. Duringexercise, on the other hand, it is suggested that athletes consume highglycemic index carbs because they are less bulky and easier for the body todigest, while still providing more carbs and calories for the body to use forenergy. For post-exercise consumption, consuming high glycemic carbohydratescan benefit the athlete by increasing muscle glycogen synthesis. Overall, athletes should let practical issuesand experience dictate their use of high or low glycemic index meals. An enduranceathlete’s dietary strategies, including alone for before, during, and afterexercise can provide them with a winning advantage.
I believe this to be a wellput-together summary article that gives good detailed information on thesuggestions, recommendations, and intrinsic information about the effects ofhigh glycemic index carbohydrates and low glycemic index carbohydrates atdifferent times of the workout.
Information stated by the differentstudies that are summarized throughout this article can be used every day byall kinds of athletes, especially endurance athletes. It gives a good layoutand explanation of why they should eat certain carbohydrates of differentglycemic indexes and how those should be consumed and applied to exercise. By followingthe recommendations, an athlete can really help to improve their endurancestamina and maybe even their level of performance.
Unanswered questions?
Unanswered questions?
a. What types of foods would be best for high GIfoods and low GI foods? Are some more ideal to have before, during, and afterthan others?
b. Do the recommendations for intake and timingdiffer greatly for other types of workouts, such as resistance training or shortdistance/sprint training?
- Thread:
- Glycemic Index and Endurance Athletes
- Post:
- Glycemic Index and Endurance Athletes
- Author:
- Marianita Carbajal
- Posted Date:
- October 30, 2012 6:18 PM
- Status:
- Published
- Thread:
- Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Author:
Abby Cantu
- Posted Date:
- November 5, 2012 12:50 PM
- Status:
- Published
This was an interesting study, the lack of a control group seems like it hindered the study a bit. But those things cannot be controlled! Great job!
- Thread:
- The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Post:
- RE: RE: The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Author:
- Abby Cantu
- Posted Date:
- November 4, 2012 7:40 AM
- Status:
- Published
Haha Chelsea it's not cheating it's utilizing resources effectively!! Thanks!
- Thread:
- The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Post:
- The role of the Fitness Professional in Providing Sprots/Exercise Nutrition Advice
- Author:
- Abby Cantu
- Posted Date:
- October 30, 2012 11:59 AM
- Status:
- Published
Research Review 3
(A) Santana, J., Dawes, J., Antonio, J., & Kalman, D. (2007). The role of the fitness professional in providing sports/exercise nutrition advice. Strength & Conditioning Journal (Allen Press), 29(3), 69-71.
(B) The purpose of this letter is to open discussions about adapting a coherent guideline for fitness professionals to provide basic and well accepted advice or counseling in nutrition. The term “fitness professional” is inclusive of personal trainers, strength and conditioning coaches and “nutrition professionals” is referring to registered dietician, licensed nutritionalist, or licensed dietician. The current trend is that now the fitness professionals are known as the “gatekeepers” of dispensing nutrition and exercise information. There is confusion in the professionals because they agree on adequate diet and exercise but not sure on how much nutritional education, counseling, or advice fitness professionals can legally or ethically provide for their athletes/clients.
(C) Methods to writing this dialogue, the American Dietetic Association (ADA) or any state organizations that were contacted in researching this topic, could provide clarity on when it would be appropriate for the fitness professional to refer their client/athlete to nutrition professional. There are many people that reach out to fitness professionals to help with reaching performance goals, so it would be insinuated that the fitness professional could aid in providing nutritional advice concerning things like reading nutritional labels, implementing nutritional strategies for overall health and well being. Nutrition professionals provide a service is more for those in need of medical nutrition therapy and help understand basic guidelines and information on the benefits of an active lifestyle with aerobic training programs. So it would be conflicting to suggest the nutrition professional wouldn’t be allowed to work with fitness professionals to provide basic exercise-related information to clients.
(D) In summary, the author of this dialogue suggests that certifying and regulatory organizations cooperate to create clear and reasonable guidelines regarding the specific roles of the certified fitness and nutritional professionals, since both relate nutritional education, advice, and counseling.
(E) This study is pertinent for individuals like me, since it is critical for personal trainers to be able to recognize situations that more precise nutritional approaches are appropriate, but that for basic nutritional knowledge having the NSCA-CPT, CSCS, or ASCM certifications should be well-accepted to allow them to give nutritional advice.
(F) Practical application of this study initiates that both nutrition and fitness professionals need to collaborate with the primary aspects of their titles and utilize each other to help their clients or athletes.
Questions:
1. How could a fitness professional make sure they don’t say or do things in nutrition that could cross boundaries that could potential be harmful to their business?
2. Do nutrition professionals allow fitness professionals to aid them when it comes to suggesting exercise?
- Thread:
- Relationship of high school and college sports participation with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit druge use: A review
- Post:
- RE: Relationship of high school and college sports participation with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit druge use: A review
- Author:
- Laura Brennan
- Posted Date:
- November 4, 2012 6:30 PM
- Status:
- Published
I agree this study brings out the importance of educating young athletes on the effects of alcohol and performance. Those striving to compete at higher levels may be more likely to avoid alcohol consumption if they realize how it can jeopardize potential opportunities by decreasing performance. I am a female who played soccer in high school, and I definitely agree that alcohol use is higher among female soccer players when compared to other sports.
- Thread:
- Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on performance after 4 hours of recovery.
- Post:
- RE: Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on performance after 4 hours of recovery.
- Author:
- Laura Brennan
- Posted Date:
- November 4, 2012 5:55 PM
- Status:
- Published
All of these articles about rapid weight loss and gain are really interesting. I know it's necessary in athletes who participate in sports with weight divisions, but the amount of weight loss in such a short period of time is crazy! I think it would have been more relevant if the participants lost more than 5% of their weight as well since that is more common.
- Thread:
- Is caffeine withdrawal necessary prior to seeing its benefits?
- Post:
- Is caffeine withdrawal necessary prior to seeing its benefits?
- Author:
- Laura Brennan
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 12:14 AM
- Status:
- Published
Irwin, C., Desbrow, B., Ellis, A., O’Keeffe, B., Grant, G. & Leveritt, M. (2011). Caffeine withdrawal and high-intensity endurance cycling performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(5), 509-515.
Purpose
This study began by summarizing the positive effects caffeine can have on endurance performance. The purpose was to determine if an initial period of caffeine withdrawal was necessary in order to see endurance improvements in habitual caffeine users.
Methods and Materials
Twelve volunteers who were actively training at least three times per week were selected for this study. All participants were male cyclists and triathletes, who averaged caffeine intake of 240 ± 162 mg per day. Participants first participated in a VO2 max and peak power output test, followed by two practice trials in which they were able to familiarize themselves with a self-selected warm up and cycling ride. Then four trials took place, each seven days apart. Participants cycled as fast as possible to complete what would be equal to one hour of cycling at 75% of their peak power.
Prior to each of these trials, participants were given either a placebo or a caffeine pill for four days and were tested on the fifth day, again with a placebo or caffeine pill. The caffeine pill given during the four days before testing contained 1.5 mg of caffeine per kg of bodyweight, and the pill given on testing day had 3.0 mg of caffeine per kg of bodyweight. This resulted in each participant having a trial for placebo-placebo, placebo-caffeine, caffeine-caffeine, and caffeine-placebo. Blood sampling was done on the third and fifth days to verify caffeine consumption. Participants were also given the same pre-packaged meals 24 hours before the testing day, and were instructed not to participate in physical activity during this time frame.
Summary of Results
The placebo-caffeine trials were 3% faster than the placebo-placebo trials. The caffeine-caffeine trials were 3.6% faster than the caffeine-placebo trials. Heart rate was higher in the trials in which caffeine was consumed on testing day. An average of 3 beats per minute higher was recorded in the caffeine-caffeine trials than the caffeine-placebo trials. An average of 6 bpm higher was recorded in the placebo-caffeine trials than the placebo-placebo trials.
Critique of the Study
The authors of this study prepared a well controlled environment in relation to the testing variables. Placebo and caffeine samples were given blindly, which resulted in only one of the participants guessing correctly which supplement they were given each week. These methods increased the reliability of the study, and decreased the chance that participants purposefully affected performances one way or another.
The authors concluded that a withdrawal period is not necessary for habitual caffeine users. However, I find problems with this conclusion. The results that measured the participants heart rate show that those who did not withdrawal from caffeine consumption had a lower heart rate, than compared to when they did withdrawal from caffeine followed by one day of consumption. These results indicate that caffeine consumption may significantly affect heart rate over a short period of time, and tolerance to caffeine may be affected after only four days of withdrawal. This leads to indications that if a period of more than four days of withdrawal is allowed, further performance improvements may be seen on performance day when caffeine is finally consumed again.
Practical Applications
Athletes who consume caffeine in the range 240 ± 162 mg per day may not need to withdrawal from caffeine prior to seeing its benefits in endurance performance. Furthermore, it may be beneficial for athletes who do not consume caffeine to consume up to 3 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body weight in order to see performance increases. In either case caffeine should be consumed carefully and moderately due to potential adverse health effects and rapid tolerance.
Question
Is 240 ± 162 mg per day of caffeine consumption considered high or low in relation to the products marketed today (for example Red Bull or Xyience drinks)? Athletes who typically consume more caffeine than the participants in the study may have significantly different results under the testing conditions.
- Thread:
- Effects of brief caffeinated-beverage deprivation on mood, symptoms, and psychomotor performance
- Post:
- RE: Effects of brief caffeinated-beverage deprivation on mood, symptoms, and psychomotor performance
- Author:
- Julie Baker
- Posted Date:
- November 6, 2012 7:43 PM
- Status:
- Published
Great question about the directions regarding the amount of caffeine each participant was supposed to consume on the ad lib day this obviously could have tainted the accuracy of the results
- Thread:
- Is caffeine withdrawal necessary prior to seeing its benefits?
- Post:
- RE: Is caffeine withdrawal necessary prior to seeing its benefits?
- Author:
- Julie Baker
- Posted Date:
- November 6, 2012 7:40 PM
- Status:
- Published
Great review I agree with having to abstain from caffeine if you are going to use it to enhance performance. If I cut back or cut it out for 5-7 days prior prior to an event it definitely works much better.
- Thread:
- The Paleo Diet: A skeptical View
- Post:
- RE: The Paleo Diet: A skeptical View
- Author:
- Julie Baker
- Posted Date:
- November 6, 2012 7:37 PM
- Status:
- Published
Interesting study Tyler. I think that a diet that includes unprocessed foods is a good diet however the lack of calcium and vitamin d could cause some serious health problems.
- Thread:
- Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink...
- Post:
- RE: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink...
- Author:
- Julie Baker
- Posted Date:
- November 5, 2012 4:00 PM
- Status:
- Published
I agree with you that a dietary record would have been helpful in identifying individual nutrient differences. I had the same feeling of feeling bloated when I drank coconut water.
- Thread:
- caffeine and performance
- Post:
- RE: caffeine and performance
- Author:
- Julie Baker
- Posted Date:
- November 5, 2012 3:33 PM
- Status:
- Published
Interesting study Trevor. It was interesting that fatigue index was unaffected by the caffeine ingestion in the morning. I wonder if the results would have been the same had they tested later in the day.
- Thread:
- The Effects of Oxygenated Water on Exercise Physiology During Incremental Exercise and Recovery
- Post:
- The Effects of Oxygenated Water on Exercise Physiology During Incremental Exercise and Recovery
- Author:
- Julie Baker
- Posted Date:
- November 2, 2012 12:22 PM
- Status:
- Published
Julie Baker
KINE5306
Advanced Sports Nutrition
Research Review #3
A. Willmert,N, Porcari J P, Foster C. et al; TheEffects of Oxygenated Water on Exercise Physiology During Incremental Exerciseand Recovery. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online 2002; 516-21.
B. Thepurpose of this study was to compare the effects of super oxygenated water vs.regular tap water on heart rate, blood pressure, and blood lactate responses toexercise and maximal aerobic capacity, as well as these parameters measuredduring recovery from intense exercise.
C. Thestudy was a double-blind, cross-over design. The study included 12 physicallyactive college aged individuals (6 men and 6 women) whom were free from anyinjury or illness. The participants were randomly separated into twogroups of six. The groups were then randomly assigned to drink either 500 mL of“super oxygenated” water or regular tap water. The participants sat quietlywhile their HR, BP, bLa-, and VO2 were measured. An incremental test was then performed on atreadmill; at the end of each stage and at maximal exertion HR, BP, VO2, andratings of perceived exertion were recorded. Blood lactate was measured duringthe second minute of the first stage. After the participants reached voluntaryexhaustion, the treadmill was immediately returned to the initial stage and thesubjects completed a second maximal test using the exact same procedures. Aftercompletion of the second maximal test, blood lactate was measured 2 minutesinto recovery. One week later, subjects returned to the laboratory andcompleted the same protocol using the opposite condition.
D. The results show that during the multi-stagetreadmill test, consuming super oxygenated water prior to exercise had nomeasurable effect on heart rate, blood pressure, blood lactate responses toexercise and maximal aerobic capacity during exercise or recovery compared to theparticipants who drank tap water.
E. The study accurately showed that there is noscientific evidence or logical rationale to suggest that consuming oxygenatedwater prior to exercise has no measurable effect on any of the variablesmeasured during exercise or recovery. The authors calculated that the super oxygenated water was supposed tocontain oxygen levels “ten times higher than everyday tap water, a 16.9 ouncebottle of oxygenated water would then contain approximately .8 ounces ofadditional oxygen. However, when tested the oxygenated watercontained only three times as much oxygen as everyday tap water. The bottom line super oxygenated water is notgoing to help you improve your performance or recovery.
F. This study is helpful in identifying an expensivesport supplement that if there is a slight benefit it only lasts a few secondsand the heightened cost simply isn’t worth it. In fact a single breath of air contains moreoxygen than a bottle of oxygenated water.
UnansweredQuestions:
1. Didthe researchers use a large enough population to get the best results?
2. Wouldn’tmost of the oxygen in the bottle escape right when the bottle is opened?
3. Doesthe oxygenated water taste differently than the tap water and if so was there aplacebo effect?
- Thread:
- The Paleo Diet: A skeptical View
- Post:
- RE: The Paleo Diet: A skeptical View
- Author:
Caitlin Arambula
- Posted Date:
- November 7, 2012 10:31 AM
- Status:
- Published
Great job overall! The topic you chose (The Paleo Diet) caught my attention being that I wrote my brief outline/summary for our final research paper over the same topic and plan on staying with the topic (I think) lol. I enjoyed your reading over your research review, it was written very professional and I think you did a great job of keeping it short and to the point while still managing to provide all the important details required. Keep up the good work! (:
Cait
- Thread:
- The Effects of Oxygenated Water on Exercise Physiology During Incremental Exercise and Recovery
- Post:
- RE: The Effects of Oxygenated Water on Exercise Physiology During Incremental Exercise and Recovery
- Author:
- Caitlin Arambula
- Posted Date:
- November 7, 2012 10:23 AM
- Status:
- Published
Overall I thought your research review was analyzed and written very well! I enjoyed the topic you chose and definately agree with you when you stated how study is helpful in identifying an expensive sport supplement for a (possible) benefit of maybe a few seconds is not worth the cost. Keep up the good work Julie! (:
Cait
- Thread:
- Antioxidant status of elite athletes remains impaired 2 weeks after a simulated altitude training camp
- Post:
- RE: Antioxidant status of elite athletes remains impaired 2 weeks after a simulated altitude training camp
- Author:
- Marcello Alves
- Posted Date:
- October 30, 2012 3:06 PM
- Status:
- Published
Very interesting study.
I agree with you when you say that more research should be done on this topic for a better understanding of it.
- Thread:
- caffeine and performance
- Post:
- RE: caffeine and performance
- Author:
- Marcello Alves
- Posted Date:
- October 30, 2012 2:51 PM
- Status:
- Published
Nice review!
I liked the study and I believe the use of caffeine in the mornings it is actually the only time that some people can take it.
I am one example of that, If I take any caffeine later afternoon or evenings I would not be able to sleep at all at night. haha!
- Thread:
- Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Post:
- Effects of Different Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players
- Author:
- Marcello Alves
- Posted Date:
- October 22, 2012 6:17 PM
- Status:
- Published
Lollo, P. Farfan, J. and Silva, L. (2011). Physiological and Physical Effects of Different Milk Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 30: 49- 57.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects produced by three types of protein supplements on body composition, biochemical parameters and performance of a top Brazilian professional soccer team during an actual tournament.
Twenty-four male professional soccer players, engaged in an official tournament were tested. The athletes were randomly divided into three groups with, whey protein concentrate (WP; 91.4% protein, n = 8), hydrolyzed whey protein (HWP 87.0% protein; degree of hydrolysis = 10.5%, n = 8) or casein (CAS; 88.6% protein, n = 8). Each subject in every group received a bottle containing 1g of protein per kg of body mass/day immediately after the daily training session. All groups were housed and fed under the same conditions, supervised by a dietician, and tendered by the same dining services of the sports institution. Performance variables were monitored before, in the middle of the season, and at the end of the supplementation, which was the end of the season.
After eight weeks of supplementation, maintenance or slightly increases in muscle mass were found in the WP and HWP groups and a significant increase of muscle mass was detected only in the casein group. No significant variation in either physical performance or lactate concentrations was observed due to the supplementation. Among the four monitored variables, creatinine, uric acid, glucose and HDL, significant increases were observed only for creatinine and uric acid in the group supplemented with WP.
Very interesting and well done study. The biggest positive aspect of this study is the fact that they were able to test high-level professional soccer players during an official competition. The lack of a control group is the only down point of the study, however, we have to understand how hard it is to run a research with professional athletes during an official competition. The coaches normally would not allow the use of a control group due to the fact that a possible decrease of performance could occur for this group. Even though this specific study doesn’t have a control group, it is mentioned that in earlier seasons when no protein supplementation was applied, they assessed losses in lean mass of the players during the season.
Based on the results of this study, coaches and sports nutrition professionals involved with soccer can use the supplementation of protein immediately after the training to maintain (WP and WHP) or increase (Casein) the lean mass of the soccer players.
Unanswered Questions:
•&νβσπ;What would be the results for lean mass if a resistance training were simultaneously applied?
•&νβσπ;Would the results be different during the off-season?
•&νβσπ;No significant differences in performance were observed between the three supplementation groups. Would the results on performance be different between protein supplementation and no protein supplementation?
Attachment: Soccer Protein.pdf (501.224 KB)
Soccer Protein.pdf (501.224 KB)
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