Research and Rants on Performance: Sports Nutrition Research Reviews

Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Post:: Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Author:: Marcello Alves; Ali, A., Williams, C. (2009). Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance during prolonged intermittent exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(14): 1499–1508.

There is limited information on the effects of fatigue on skill performance in soccer, which is surprising because the skill elements are essential to win soccer games. The contribution of anaerobic metabolism to provide energy for these skillful actions is critical during a soccer game, as the performance of skills requires powerful movements. Some studies within this context reported a 5% improvement in soccer dribbling performance following carbohydrate supplementation during a 90-min exhibition match. So the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution, during the 90-min Intermittent Shuttle Test, on soccer skill performance.

Seventeen male soccer players completed two main trials, each separated by 7 days. On the first day they drank one of the test solutions, a sports drink containing 6.4% carbohydrate. In the other trial they drank a non-electrolyte, artificially sweetened placebo that contained no carbohydrate. The participants ingested a volume of fluid equivalent to 8ml/kg of body mass before and then 3ml/kg of body mass after every 15 min of exercise. After ingesting the test solution, the participants completed six 15-min blocks of an intermittent Shuttle Test punctuated by 4-min rest periods. Each 15-min block consists of approximately 11 repeated cycles of walking, running (at a speed equivalent to 95% VO2max), jogging (at a speed equivalent to 55% VO2max), and sprinting. Then they performed the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test in between each block (including pre and post testing).

Performance was significantly slower during the last 30 min than the first 30 min of exercise for both groups. There were no differences between carbohydrate-electrolyte and placebo trials on the performance of the Soccer Passing Test. Examination of the pre- and post-exercise results (i.e. 0 min vs. 90 min) showed a 12% decrease in performance in the carbohydrate-electrolyte trial but a 24% de- crease in the placebo trial, although this was not statistically significant. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend for performance to be better maintained in the carbohydrate-electrolyte trial in the last block of exercise, whereas there was a trend for a further decrease in performance during the placebo trial. Mean estimated carbohydrate oxidation rates were significantly higher in the carbohydrate-electrolyte trial, whereas mean fat oxidation rates were significantly higher in the placebo trial. However, estimated energy expenditure rates were not different between trials. In summary, soccer skill performance appears to decline during the last 15 min of exercise within the 90-min intermittent running test. For this test, supplying carbohydrate during exercise did not provide any further benefits in terms of maintaining skill and sprint performance. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the provision of carbohydrate appears to induce metabolic and perceptual benefits relative to when no carbohydrate is provided to players.

Overall, I believe this is a very good, interesting, relevant and well organized study. However, I do think a few things should be pointed out as limitations of this study. Soccer is the biggest sport worldwide, played in more than 200 countries in all continents and in my opinion the results of only 17 players cannot reflect the truth for all of them. So it would be better if this study could be done on a larger number of athletes and in different regions or even countries if possible. Another point is that for this study, the athletes were in a glycogen-reduced state before beginning the test, which is far from reality in a competitive match. Finally, for this test, the athletes were provided a drink solution every 15 minutes, which would be very hard to occur during a soccer match.

Based on these findings we could suggest the ingestion of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions before and during the game, although the only real option during the game would be half time (other chances to stop and drink during the match are very rare). Even though there was no statistical difference in terms of skill performance in between the two groups, the presence of carbohydrate solution appeared to induce metabolic and perceptual benefits compared to when no carbohydrate is provided to the athletes. For all competitive sports, including soccer, every small improvement in performance is welcome.

Unanswered questions:

- Would these results be different for athletes in a high glycogen state?

- Would a solution containing both carbohydrate and protein change the results?

- How was the energy expenditure not different between trials if carbohydrate oxidation was significantly higher in the carbohydrate trial, whereas fat oxidation was significantly higher in the placebo trial?

Attachment: File

Soccer Nutrition.pdf (427.991 KB)

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Thread:: CHO-Pro supplementation effects
Post:: RE: CHO-Pro supplementation effects
Author:: Joseph Aquiningoc

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 1:09 PM
Status:: Published

Is there any identifiers as to what adequate amounts of proteins and carbohydrates are? I've consumed both CHO and protein post-workout but I've never had an exact amount to base consumption on.

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Thread:: Comparison of Coconut Water and Sports Drinks
Post:: Comparison of Coconut Water and Sports Drinks
Author:: Joseph Aquiningoc

Kalman, D. S., Feldman, S., Krieger, D. R., & Bloomer, R. J. (2011).Reading Research - Comparison of CoconutWater and a Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Sport Drink on Measures of Hydration andPhysical Performance in Exercise-Trained Men. Performance ConditioningVolleyball, 17(6), 12.

B: Purpose of the Study

The purpose ofthe study was to compare coconut water, water, carbohydrate-electrolyte sportdrink on hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men.

C: Methodsand Materials:

The experimentused a 60 minute round of treadmill exercise, 12 exercise-trained men. After the treadmill exercise the men weregiven four different fluids on four occasions, to help replenish fluid lossfrom exercise. Hydration status wasassessed by four factors: body mass, fluid retention, plasma osmolality, andurine specific gravity. Performance wasassessed by treadmill time to exhaustion and assessed after rehydration.

D: Summary ofResults/Conclusion

The resultssuggested that subjects lost almost 2% of body mass but regained amountfollowing consumption of all conditions. There were no differences shown between the four fluids for any measuresof fluid retention. The same resultswere evident in exercise performance. Nosignificant difference in performance after fluid intake. The only difference was the upset stomachexperienced with the intake of coconut water.

E: Critique ofthe Study

I feel that thestudy might have been conducted in a limited manner. The experiment was too conclusive. This experiment may have been conducted withbiases to result in a way favorable to the researchers. There could have been more variables oranother physical performance indicator to show a difference in hydrationmethods.

F: PracticalApplications of the Study

Identify similarclaims of beverage companies. Another use can be to identify benefits of beveragesconsumed before, during, and after a workout session.

Some unansweredquestions:

1. Do beverages consumed pre-workout have aneffect on performance?

2. Shouldthe choices of hydration be considered when dieting?

3. Willthe choices have different results with woman and non-trained individuals?

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Thread:: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Post:: RE: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Author:: Joseph Aquiningoc

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 1:00 PM
Status:: Published

I chose the same article. It's pretty interesting that none of the beverages had any significant differences.

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Thread:: The effects of a pre-workout supplement combined with three weeks of high-intensity interval training on aerobic and anaerobic running performance.
Post:: The effects of a pre-workout supplement combined with three weeks of high-intensity interval training on aerobic and anaerobic running performance.
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

References

Smith, A. E., Fukuda, D. H., Kendall, K. L., & Stout, J. R. (2010). The effects of a pre-workout supplement containing caffeine, creatine, and amino acids during three weeks of high-intensity exercise on aerobic and anaerobic performance. Journal Of The International Society Of Sports Nutrition, 710-20.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a pre-workout supplement (caffeine, creative, and amino acids) combined with three weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on aerobic and anaerobic running performance, training volume, and body composition.

Methods and Materials

The study consisted of twenty-four moderately-trained both men and women athletes. This study was assessed using a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled parallel design. Individuals involved in this study were assigned to either 1 of the 2 groups, the active supplement (GT, n = 13) or placebo (PL, n = 11) group. The active supplement were made up of 18g of powder, 40 kcals, and consisted of a proprietary blend including whey protein, cordyceps sinensis, creatine, citrulline, ginseng, and caffeine. The placebo (PL) contains 18g of power, 40kcals, but consists of only maltodextrin, natural and artificial flavors and colors. Thirty minutes prior to all testing and training sessions, participants consumed their respective supplements mixed with 8 – 10oz of cold tap water. All testing sessions were separated by 24 – 48 hours.

First we had all the participants measure there percent body fat (%BF), and lean body mass (LBM) using the air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD). Next, determine the cardiovascular fitness (VO2max) level of all individuals by performing a GXT to volitional exhaustion on a treadmill. There are 4 different testing throughout this study, but the one focused on for this research is a high intensity interval program (HIIP) which is performed three days per week, using a fractal periodization scheme to adjust the training velocities. Cardiovascular fitness (VO2max) was assessed during graded exercise tests on a treadmill. Each training session consisted of five sets of two-minute running bouts with one minute rest between each bout. Four treadmill runs to exhaustion were performed to establish the distance-time relationships for the TD model (total distance) for each subject. Each participant ran at 90%, 100%, 105%, and 110% of the treadmill velocity that corresponded with their VO2max score. The time to exhaustion (s) and the distance achieved (km) was recorded for each run. ANOVA models and t-tests were computed using SPSS, and the 95% confidence intervals and individual response graphs were calculated and created in Microsoft Excel.

Summary of Results/Conclusion

The results of the present study indicated that acute ingestion of the current pre-exercise drink (GT) may improve running performance over a 3-week training period. When compared with HIIT, GT ingestion improved CV, VO2max, lean body mass, and total training volume when compared to the PL and HIIT group. For CV, 10 out of 13 (77%) subjects increased in the GT group, whereas only 7 of 11 (64%) increased in the PL group. Eight subjects increased in the GT (62%) and PL (73%) groups for ARC. For VO2max, 10% increased in the GT group (77%), and 8 increased in the PL group (73%). Nine subjects in the GT group (69%) and 8 subjects in the PL group (73%) decreased in %BT from pre-to post-training. Eight subjects in both groups (62% for GT and 73% for PL) showed a decrease in FM. LBM increased for 9 subjects in the GT group (69%), while only 6 subjects increased in the PL group (55%). Caffeine has been used as an effective Ergogenic aid by acting as a stimulant, reducing feelings of fatigue, and increasing times to exhaustion. Caffeine has been shown to primarily influence longer duration endurance exercise by 20 – 50% and resting metabolic rate.

In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the acute ingestion of the pre-exercise GT supplemet containing 100 mg of caffeine, 1.5 g creatine, 1 g BCAAs, 9 g Whey protein, 2.5 g of cordyceps sinensis and a combined 0.75 g of citrulline and rhodiola, taken prior to HIIT for 3 weeks can significantly improve CV and total training volume when compared to HIIT and PL. In regards to maintaining LBM, suggests that GT may be helpful in maintaining lean mass during intense training periods.

Critique of the Study

Personally, I really enjoyed this article and what it had to offer. Being a long distance runner you whole life, you tend to enjoy anything that has your sport in it. I enjoyed looking over the stats and how they differed between the two groups. I also enjoyed how caffeine made such an impact on not only aerobic athletes, but anaerobic athletes as well. I would always drink coffee the day of races so being that I can relate to this case study on an more personal level really kept me interested.

Practical Applications of the Study

•< span style= "margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">&νβσπ;I would do a little more research on this topic speak about it at a conference.

•< span style= "margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">&νβσπ;Inform athletes (runners) about how there performance can be improved

•< span style= "margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">&νβσπ;Teach athletes how the body works and how much your body needs the correct amount of nutrition

•< span style= "margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">&νβσπ;Nutrition timing is very important!

https://manowar.tamucc.edu/ login?url=http://search. ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=s3h&AN= 50245574&site=eds-live&scope= site

research article #1 data.docx (17.373 KB)

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Thread:: Dehydration and rehydration in competitive sport.
Post:: RE: Dehydration and rehydration in competitive sport.
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

Posted Date:: September 21, 2012 9:22 PM
Status:: Published

I really enjoyed reading your research review and thought you did a great job. One thing that caught my interest was the methods and results determined throughout the 3 different test given/analyzed. At the end of your research review was the "practical applications of the study" paragraph, which I felt you incorporated very useful information and facts that concluded your research review quite nicely. Overall, I don't have one bad comment or critique concerning your review and I look forward to keeping up with your research topics as well as reviews. Great job!

Caitlin Arambula

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Thread:: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Post:: RE: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

Posted Date:: September 21, 2012 9:06 PM
Status:: Published

Overall, I thought your research review was quite interesting and very well written. Being that I ran cross country and track for TAMUCC, the topic and discussion was very useful (personally), and it kept my full attention throughout the entire research review. One thing I feel could've been beneficial during this research is limiting your participants to a smaller amount and keeping the level to elite/pro athletes only (if possible). This helps when showing the overall data collected during the studies performed. Keeping your participants and studies in a smaller group, filled with elite/pro athletes, I feel helps to ensure that your data is very close to accurate as well as the truth. Besides those few things, I really enjoyed reading your research review and look forward to the upcoming reviews throughout this class.

Caitlin Arambula

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Thread:: Comparison of Coconut Water and Sports Drinks
Post:: RE: Comparison of Coconut Water and Sports Drinks
Author:: Julie Baker; I am not too surprised by the results of this study. Coconut waterseems to be the new trend for hydration. It is my understanding that coconut water contains a large amount of potassiumbut it does not contain an adequate amount of sodium as compared to anelectrolyte sports drink for recovery which is needed after a long run. I am not a fan of coconut water beforeor after a long run because to me the taste is awful.

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Thread:: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Post:: RE: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Author:: Julie Baker; I found this article interesting. There needs to be more awareness andintervention on campuses about treatment options for students as well assupport groups. University athletesshould be required to attend classes on eating disorders so that they are awareof what the signs are not only for themselves but for fellow athletes.

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Thread:: Body Composition and Strength Changes in Women with Milk and Resistance Exercise
Post:: Body Composition and Strength Changes in Women with Milk and Resistance Exercise
Author:: Julie Baker

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 11:33 AM
Status:: Published

A. Josse A R, Tang J E,Tarnopolsky M A, Philips S M., Body Composition and Strength Changes in Womenwith Milk and Resistance Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise2010; 1122-1130.

B. The purpose of this study was to examinewhether women who consumed fat free milk would gain muscle mass and reduce fatmass over woman who drank an isoenergetic carbohydrate drink. To see if strength gains and lean musclewould be greater after consuming the milk or the isoenergetic drink. And lastly, the study wanted to see ifconsuming an extra 1L of milk on training days would make a difference on bonedevelopment.

C. The study included 20 recreationallyhealthy women all of whom were screened through a medical questionnaire priorto participation. All of the womenreported to a laboratory for resistance training 5 times a week for 12 weeksand were supervised by trainers and study personnel. The women were randomly broken into twogroups of ten women: fat-free milk group and isoenergenic drink group. The women were given two 500 ml drinks afterthe training session, one was drunk immediately and the other was sent withthem to drink one hour later. During thesessions they would rotate through pushing exercises, pulling exercises and legexercises. The exercises were performed on guided motion machines and they increasedthe weight in an ongoing way to keep the women training at 80% of the women’sone rep maximum for the initial ten weeks and then at 90% for weeks 11 and 12. Duringthe study the 1RM was tested four times to allow for the weight to be modified.

D. The results show that the isoenergenic drinkgroup decreased their fat mass moderately during which the lean body massincreased significantly. As for the milkgroup the fat mass decreased greatly and the lean mass also increased by closeto double that of the isoenergenic drink group. There were also large deviations in strength changes between bothgroups. Lastly, there was a slightreduction in bone turnover for both groups. In conclusion, consuming milk immediately after resistance training andagain one hour later promoted fat loss and encouraged lean mass development aswell as an increase in strength in some of the exercises in contrast to the womenwho drank the isoenergetic drink.

E. Based on the results of the study I believethat the study was accurate and reliable. The training regimen was very effective; by having the women progress throughthe strength continuum seems optimal for the study’s outcome. The method they choose by measuring the 1RMvarious times during the 12 weeks seemed to result in fewer injuries andgreater strength. The drinks were wellmodified so they were undistinguishable in appearance as well as odor and tastewhich ensured that the groups were unknown. I was amazed by the changes in body composition and how much loss in fatmass the women who drank the milk had in comparison to the women who drank theisoenergenic drink.

F. This study is helpful in identifying a low costsolution to a post resistance training supplement. Since many women, myself included, believedthat milk would cause an increase in fat mass I have chosen not to include milkin my diet. But after reading this studyand seeing the results I may start to include milk in my post resistancetraining supplement instead of the expensive whey protein drinks.

UnansweredQuestions:

1. Did the researchers use a large enoughpopulation to get the best results?

2. How would the results have differed if they gavethe isoenergenic group an additional isoenergenic carb drink instead of milk?

3. What would results be if they used either wheyor soy vs fat free milk?

Attachment: File

Body Composition and Strength Changes in Women.pdf (374.515 KB)

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Thread:: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Post:: RE: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Author:: Laura Brennan

Posted Date:: September 20, 2012 9:16 PM
Status:: Published

I think this is a study that should be expanded on by other researchers. It's interesting that such a high level (70%) blame their decreased performance on dehydration. It seems that they would have done something to prevent dehydration if they are sure that this was a significant factor. I believe hydration is extremely important for endurance runners, and should be well planned in consideration with food intake. Different types of food will contribute to water retention, or may have a higher water content to begin with (like fruits).

I would also like to see researchers actually measure loss of hydration through weighing like the article mentioned. It is probably rare to have the opportunity to measure variables of this nature when the point of performance is to not stop! While it could be measured pre- and post- competition, it would be neat to see differences at other points throughout a race.

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Thread:: The effect of a carbohydrate–caffeine sports drink on simulated golf performance
Post:: RE: The effect of a carbohydrate–caffeine sports drink on simulated golf performance
Author:: Laura Brennan

Status:: Published

I found this study interesting, though I agree that more realistic conditions should have been used. It would have been nice if golfers were tested on a real course, carrying their own bags. However, weather changes could have presented an uncontrollable variable. Were there any differences in heart rate recorded?

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Thread:: Nutrition Challenges of a Marathon Runner with a Gastric Bypass
Post:: Nutrition Challenges of a Marathon Runner with a Gastric Bypass
Author:: Laura Brennan

Posted Date:
Clark, N. (2011). Case study: Nutrition challenges of a marathon runner with a gastric bypass. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21, 515-519.

ABSTRACT

A new type of athlete is appearing in the offices of sports dietitians: formerly obese people who have undergone

gastric bypass surgery and now aspire to be marathoners, triathletes, and other types of endurance athletes. The

standard nutrition advice offered to bypass patients is contrary to the standard sports advice given to athletes.

Bypass athletes need to limit carbohydrates, fluids, and energy intake and consume a protein-based diet. This

case study describes the sport nutrition concerns of a woman who, after having gastric bypass surgery, trained

to run a marathon (42 km). Because of her limited ability to consume food and fluids, she experienced difficulty

preventing fatigue and dehydration during her long training runs and the marathon itself. She learned

through trial and error how to survive the nutritional challenges and complete the marathon. Health professionals

need to be aware of the potential medical risks associated with endurance exercise in gastric bypass

patients. Research is needed to determine the best sports nutrition practices for bypass patients. Only then

can sport dietitians better educate this small but growing contingent of endurance athletes so the athletes can

meet their training and performance goals and reduce their risk of experiencing serious health consequences.

Purpose

This purpose of this study was to observe the nutrition challenges an individual had after having gastric bypass surgery in relation to training for a marathon. Furthermore, the author drew attention to the differences in nutritional advice given to athletes who have had gastric bypass surgery versus those who have not.

Methods and Materials

This was an observational case study in which no experiment or variables were manipulated. A woman by the name of “PK” had a gastric bypass procedure in December 2007 weighing 319lbs. She was physically active prior to the surgery, and continued physical training immediately after surgery.

Without any advice from a sport dietician, PK manipulated her diet and training in order to compete in 5 and 10K races, a half marathon, and a full marathon all within 20 months of surgery.

Summary of Results

PK reported feeling great within the first year of post surgery, and did not experience any fatigue despite consuming only 1,000kcal per day, and exercising 6-7 days per week for one to four hours per day. However, PK was chronically thirsty and dehydration was a main concern. Most gastric bypass recipients are taught to first consume protein (not carbohydrates), and not to drink fluids during meals or within an hour after eating.

By choosing foods with high water content like fruits and yogurt prior to running, and sucking on jelly beans during runs, PK was able to successfully complete a marathon 20 months after gastric bypass surgery. Three years after surgery, PK maintained a weight loss of 189lbs.

Critique of the Study

This study was successful in providing awareness of nutritional concerns weight loss surgery presents. The author points out that high protein consumption and decrease of fluid intake are the primary recommendations for most weight loss surgery recipients. While protein is important for rebuilding lean tissue, consumption of other macronutrients should not be jeopardized. Also, fluid intake typically needs to be increased with protein increases in order to prevent dehydration.

The author points out the differences in nutritional advice given to surgery recipients and typical athletes. It is a smart and safe recommendation to encourage surgery recipients to look for guidance from sport dieticians. The author provided an unbiased point of view which acknowledged multiple factors responsible for PK’s success, including therapy, and mentioned the possible dangers PK could have encountered. Variables such as PK’s age and presence of any diseases, such as diabetes, were not noted. Noting these variables may further distinguish differences in results others may experience.

Practical Applications

This study includes recommendations for sport dieticians to make themselves known to gastric bypass recipients, and bariatric treatment centers. It is agreed that importance lies within educating these clients in nutrition, especially with the growing rates of those who choose to be athletically involved post surgery. It would be ideal for these individuals to train under the guidance of a sport dietician in order to prevent fatigue, dehydration, and injury.

Further studies should be implemented in order to research the effects of different nutrient regimens on bypass patients. Results may provide further information that can guide professionals to offer more safe and healthy advice to weight loss surgery recipients, without risking weight loss goals.

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Thread:: Use of Nutritional Supplementation Among University Recreation Users
Post:: RE: Use of Nutritional Supplementation Among University Recreation Users
Author:: Abby Cantu; I agree with you on the aspect that there is need for a better way to facilitate the information to the general population other than the internet. I wonder how this study would read if the population was college athletes instead of the recreational use. As a strength and conditioning coach and personal trainer I want to become more effective in the diet aspect and not rely on supplementation!

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Thread:: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Post:: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Author:: Abby Cantu; Research Review 1

(A). Johnson, C., Crosby, R., Engel, S., Mitchell, J., Powers, P., Wittrock,

        D., Wonderlich, S. (2004). Gender, ethnicity, self-esteem and

        disordered eating among college athletes. Eating Behaviors,

        5, 147-156. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science

        /article/pii/S1471015304000091.

(B). The purpose of this study is to provide evidence of the ethnic and gender differences like self-esteem and the eating disorder attitudes and behaviors among collegiate athletes. Women report lower self-esteem and higher body dissatisfaction than men and black women. Protective factors against eating disorders like body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and low self-esteem were undertaken on a large sample of NCAA Division I athletes for the comparison of ethnic and gender differences.

(c). For the methods portion, there are a total of 1445 collegiate athletes that participated among which 562 were female and 883 male. These athletes were from 11 schools in 11 different sports and were classified in the high-risk sports for eating disorders. Materials used were a student-athlete questionnaire that has 133-item self-report measure designed to collect information from demographics, eating-related behaviors, drug and alcohol intake and the attitudes concerning body image and weight-related issues.

Results indicate that females demonstrated lower self-esteem than males, significant main effect for ethnicity was found and black participants demonstrated higher self-esteem than white. Lastly, a significant two-way Gender X Ethnicity interaction was found where white females had lower self-esteem than black females and both groups of men. All of the same factors were true for body dissatisfaction as well.

(D). This research study’s results are somewhat disturbing, considering white female athletes reported significantly lower self-esteem and significantly higher rates of disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors than Black females, Black male, and White male athletes. White women tend to have highly conditioned bodies and experience athletic success which one would hope that having this success in athletics would be a protective factor against low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder behaviors. However with this study it was shown that this is not the case. Even more bizarre is how the Black female athlete’s factors closely resembled their male counterparts; in fact, the self-esteem scores were almost identical to both Black and White males.

(E). This study is very simplistic and easy to follow and the terminology makes it more comprehendible for review. There were several different variables but they were defined and analyzed in a matter that anyone could understand. Plus this study was organized so one could depict the variable that most satisfies the type of athlete they train to ensure proactive measures can be taken to eliminate the possibilities of low self-esteem, high body dissatisfaction, and the eating disorder problems.

(F). Practical application of this study would be to utilize the results so when I am training my athletes I can look more closely at the white females for the possibilities of acquiring; an eating disorder, low self-esteem, and high body dissatisfaction. I would not only focus on the white females but also by sport, the distance runners and swimmers would be close on my radar to ensure as a strength coach they do not acquire any of the negative implications of sport specific training.

Unanswered Questions:

1. Since white females are the dominant to attain low self-esteem and high body dissatisfaction what measures can be taken to ensure that an eating disorder will not occur?

2. If the black females are equal to both the white and black males in the self perception, is there a possibility that black women could potentially revert to the ways of the white females?

3. If the sport requires low weight or body fat percentages, how do we prevent negative weight loss as opposed to reacting after the bad habit has already occurred?

Attachment: File

Research Review 1.docx (16.84 KB)

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Thread:: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Post:: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Author:: Abby Cantu

Posted Date:: September 12, 2012 9:49 AM
Edited Date:: September 12, 2012 9:51 AM
Status:: Published

Attachment: File

Article 1 Nutrition.pdf (114.892 KB)

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Thread:: Use of Nutritional Supplementation Among University Recreation Users
Post:: RE: Use of Nutritional Supplementation Among University Recreation Users
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: September 17, 2012 10:14 PM
Status:: Published

When reading the results it was interesting to see that although woman known to be more worried about their figure, men are the ones who are supplementing more in order to get their body to where they want it to be. It was also good to see that their sources for information were good sources. The internet can be a good source because it allows you to research different products and compare and contrast different brands and ingredients so that you know what your looking for. Also consulting with w personal trainer is good because they should be knowledgeable in the subject and be able to give sufficient advice.

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Thread:: Caffeine and Sprinting Performance
Post:: RE: Caffeine and Sprinting Performance
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: September 17, 2012 10:03 PM
Status:: Published

This was a very interesting topic to read about. I know it might be weird but I've never really considered the idea that athletes would use something as simple as caffeine as a supplement. I personally never would've thought that it would have any benefits for short duration sports, so it was nice to see that I have the right mind set because it was true.

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Thread:: Dietary Supplementation Practices in Canadian High-Performance Athletes
Post:: RE: Dietary Supplementation Practices in Canadian High-Performance Athletes
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: September 17, 2012 6:59 PM
Status:: Published

That's crazy how most of the athletes got their information from family and peers rather than professionals when they were playing at such an elite level. It makes me wonder if maybe the information is not as public or made available for people to do that type of research in Canada.

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Thread:: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Post:: RE: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: September 13, 2012 10:40 PM
Status:: Published

This is an interesting topic. I specifically remember reading something a while ago about how coconut water is better to drink than sports drinks and never thought anything of it. So I was interested to see how this study went. Nice way of covering the information.

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Thread:: Eating Disorders Among University Student-Athletes
Post:: Eating Disorders Among University Student-Athletes
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: September 12, 2012 11:56 AM
Status:: Published

Van Zyl, Y. Y., Surujlal, J. J., & Dhurup, M. M. (2012). Eating disorders among university student-athletes.African Journal For Physical, Health Education, Recreation & Dance, 18(2), 267-280.

Over the years, elite athletes have been more prone to eating disorders. The heightened competition which involves physical and psychological stressors, as well as the pressure to be successful can cause emotional and mental instability, leading to insecurity and an even stronger strive to be even better. The National Eating Disorder Association believes that stressors such as these are what lead to the eating disorders, most commonly anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS). The National Eating Disorder Association has identified three main factors that cause eating disorders in athletes, male and female; social influences, performance anxiety and the athlete’s self-appraisal. These athletes experience so much pressure to succeed and perform at the very best level that they sometimes do anything to get there.

Studies and surveys have been done all over the world, for example, South Africa, Turkey, and of course the United States that present evidence that female athletes are more likely to have had or have an eating disorder. This, however, does not mean that men do not experience the same issues. Most athletes will obtain these eating disorders because they feel it will help them to perform better and increase and “emphasize endurance, aesthetics, and weight levels” (Van). Both males and females can be effected by the pressure of being an elite athlete and allow them to affect their eating. There are also many other factors, such as family issues and history, the type of sport, or even the coach, that can place athletes at more risk. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to consider and evaluate eating disorder behavior and detect the frequency and popularity of different eating disorders in university student-athletes.

The participants of this study included a sample of 500 student-athletes at two different universities in South Africa. For this particular study, an athlete was considered to be an individual that was eligible to participate in the inter-university sports under the South African Student Sport Union. The students were briefed on the study and then all given questionnaires administered by researchers and instructors who were experienced in this field. In the questionnaire there was a letter that gave detailed information concerning the purpose of the research, stating that the participation was completely voluntary and the students were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity.

The questionnaire administered consisted the three sections. Section A included the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), used to assess disordered eating behaviors by using 3 subscales; dieting, bulimia and food preoccupation, and oral control. Section B included the SCOFF questionnaire, a brief tool that consists of five questions that produce the acronym SCOFF: “Do you make yourself Sick because you feel uncomfortably full? Do you worry you have lost Control over how much you eat? Have you recently lost more than One stone in 3 month period? Do you believe yourself to be Fat when others say you are thing? Would you say that Food dominates your life?” (Van). Finally, Section C consisted of the biographical information questions.

The administration of questionnaires resulted in a 55% response rate (Van). Out of the 500 student-athletes that were administered questionnaires, 273 questionnaires were returned. About half of the participants consisted of male student-athletes and a majority of them were less than 25 years old. “A total of 49.8% of respondents indicated that they do not follow a sport nutrition programme and 56% admitted that the do not receive any pressure from their coaches to lose weight. At least 50.9% of the respondents indicated that they do not train when they are sick or injured” (Van). This information indicates that about half of the sample of the students do experience some of the risk factors for eating disorders. On a positive note, overall, the majority of the respondents (61.5%) indicated that they do not go on eating binges, and 85.3% indicated that they do not make themselves sick to control weight, and 75.5% never use laxatives, diet pills, or diuretics to control weight or shape (Van). Overall, there was low occurrence of eating problems among the respondents.

I personally believe this was a successful and useful study. It was noted that a limitation of the study was that it was conducted at two universities in the same region. I believe this study should be done at many universities throughout the world, especially in the United States to have a more grand idea of the effect that eating disorders has on athletes. The athletes who are experiencing these issues that lead to eating disorders are not going to come out and say it. They have to be asked, and the fact the questionnaires remain anonymous might be able to help some of the athletes get the courage to get help or even simply do research into the effects that eating disorders can have on their body and the risks that they contain.

The practical application of this study would be that it helps the public become aware of the issue, as well as some of the signs to look for in athletes that are at risk. By giving the public more knowledge in the matter it can better be prevented or treated.

Unanswered Questions: 1) Did the researchers offer help to the students if they decided to come forward about the eating disorders? 2) Did they offer general advice for those who maybe were too afraid to seek help but can still benefit from more information?

Link: Found in the school library database, so you may have to login to view the article. https://manowar.tamucc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=78302440&site=eds-live&scope=site

Attachment: File

Research Review #1.docx (17.64 KB)

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Thread:: Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults
Post:: RE: Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults
Author:: Samantha Cochran

Posted Date:: September 21, 2012 9:46 PM
Status:: Published

The information from this study may be beneficial for those individuals that are on an exercise program and are struggling with losing weight/fat mass.

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Thread:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Post:: RE: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Author:: Samantha Cochran

Posted Date:: September 21, 2012 9:42 PM
Status:: Published

This study is a good example of how a properly balanced diet of energy sources important. Protein alone is not enough to get the results most athletes are in search of.

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Thread:: Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men
Post:: Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men
Author:: Samantha Cochran

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 8:36 PM
Status:: Published

Campbell, W. W., Barton Jr, M. L., Cyr-Campbell, D., Davey, S. L., Beard, J. L., Parise, G., et al. (1999). Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,70(9), 1032-1039.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a diet consisting of meat protein (omnivorous) versus a diet without meat protein (lactoovovegetarian) had a significant influence on body composition and muscle size in older men in response to a resistance training program. The hypothesis of the study was that the individuals on a lactoovovegetarian diet would not have as significant of increases in fat free mass and muscle hypertrophy when compared to individuals on an omnivorous diet.

Nineteen men between 51-69 years of age who were considered sedentary and overweight to obese were split in to two groups with nine individuals in the omnivorous diet group and ten in the lactoovovegetarian group. Men with any major health issues such as diabetes, hypertension, abnormal cardiac conditions, major joint surgeries, etc. were excluded from the study. The omnivorous group was told to not change their regular eating habits and the lactoovovegetarian group was educated on how to self-select a lactoovovegetarian diet. However, no guidelines were given for energy or nutrient intake. Strength assessment, body composition, and muscle biopsy testing was performed on all subjects at week 1, 6 and 12. A three day food journal was kept by each individual at week 1 and 11 to estimate total energy and macronutrient intakes. Both groups were subjected to the same 12 week resistance training program consisting of twenty three exercises.

The results of the study showed significant strength gains for both groups without much difference between them. There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of muscle hypertrophy, whole body composition, and fat free mass. The omnivorous diet group had greater gains in muscle hypertrophy and fat free mass which resulted in better body composition. The lactoovovegetarian diet group had little to no gains in muscle hypertrophy and fat free mass but did have a decrease in overall weight. The changes were not significant enough to effect body composition.

The study could have had more validity if better dietary guidelines had been set forth for both groups. It was stated in the article that the three day food journals for the lactoovovegetarian group showed most of the protein intake was through dairy consumption which may have also been high in fat. It also stated that the protein consumption for this group was much less when compared to the omnivorous group. Timing, amount, and type of energy intake for each individual were unclear.

The primary practical application of the study would be to help prevent sarcopenia. This study also opens the door for further investigation to the link between type of diet and exercise, timing of energy intake and exercise, and balanced energy intake and exercise.

Questions:

Would results have changed if all subjects were restricted to the same caloric intake?

Would results have differed if all subjects’ diets were selected for them to insure all amino acids were being accounted for?

Would results have differed if all subjects’ diets were designed so that the percentage of energy intake from each source was same for all participants?

Would results have differed if energy intake had been regularly scheduled?

Would results have differed if a different population was used as subjects?

Attachment: File

Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men.pdf (104.138 KB)

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Thread:: Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Post:: RE: Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Author:: Juan Cruz

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 6:05 PM
Status:: Published

I like the questions you brought up regarding the study. The sample size was to small for a sport that is as popular as soccer is. A sample of a few hundred would be the least acceptable number that could be used. Also the timing intervals of the CHO supplementation is unrealistic, as you said, for soccer players. Something along the lines where the players get CHO before and midway through a match would be more optimal in order to get "game-like" results. But all in all, this study does prove that CHO supplementation does have an impact on performance, no matter how minimal is it.

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Thread:: Dehydration and rehydration in competitive sport.
Post:: RE: Dehydration and rehydration in competitive sport.
Author:: Juan Cruz

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 5:35 PM
Status:: Published

This a very interesting study given the recent onset of heat-related deaths in sports. Keeping track of hydration status in athletes is vital. Too many athletes have died from something simple as not being hydrated enough. It's interesting that water loss should not exceed 2% of total body mass! I can see how the inconsistency of the salt loss tracking can skew the results. Also, I would like to see a present study of this because as we all know, things have definately changed and evolved over the years, so it would be interesting as to how someone would tackle this study differently or use this one as a guidelines of sorts.

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Thread:: Weight loss uptake and exercise training effect on oxygen uptake and heart rate response to locomotion
Post:: Weight loss uptake and exercise training effect on oxygen uptake and heart rate response to locomotion
Author:: Juan Cruz

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 5:14 PM
Status:: Published

Attachment: File

Research Review #1.docx (15.098 KB)

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Thread:: Eating Disorders Among University Student-Athletes
Post:: RE: Eating Disorders Among University Student-Athletes
Author:: Dara Dalton

Posted Date:: September 12, 2012 7:20 PM
Status:: Published

It makes sense to conduct research on eating disorders among athlete to try and pinpoint the exact reasons as to why they occur and hopefully (one day) prevent them from happening. This is a very interesting study since it includes a global issue, not a national one.

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Thread:: Caffeine and Sprinting Performance
Post:: RE: Caffeine and Sprinting Performance
Author:: Dara Dalton

Posted Date:: September 12, 2012 10:55 AM
Status:: Published

Please see document for unanswered questions.

Attachment: File

Unanswered Questions RR 1 -Nutr..docx (11.112 KB)

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Thread:: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Post:: RE: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Author:: Dara Dalton

Posted Date:: September 12, 2012 10:51 AM
Status:: Published

Eating disorders in athletes appalls me. I never would have guessed these disorders amongst athletes and I did not find out about them until I began studying for my undergrad. It is interesting to me that white females have the lowest self esteem - my roommate and I were ranting about how men and the African-American ethnicity tend to have it so "easy" when it comes to physical fitness and their appearance. We made a brief mental list of the level of easiness to hardest when it comes to being fit and appearing fit and decided that white females are at the bottom of the list. One of the most shocking stories I have ever read about an athlete with an eating disorder was in Dara Torres's autobiography. She admitted to being bulimic in her early years of Olympic competition.

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Thread:: Caffeine and Sprinting Performance
Post:: Caffeine and Sprinting Performance
Author:: Dara Dalton

Posted Date:: September 11, 2012 4:18 PM
Status:: Published

I have included an attachment in case the layout of this gets too confusing. Thank you for reading, enjoy.

Research Review Assignment # 1

A Research by Foley, P., Gillian, M., Glaister, M., Patterson, S., Pattison, J., Pedlar, C. Caffeine and Sprinting Performance: Dose Responses and Efficacy. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 26(4): 1001 – 1005, 2012.

B. The focus of this research study was to review the effects of caffeine supplementation and reveal if quantity has any outcome on sprint cycling performance. Particularly, to examine the effects of the supplementation on latent blood lactate concentrations.

C. Seventeen male sport science students volunteered for a double-blind study in which a gelatin capsule containing 2 – 10 mg/kg/bm (body mass) of caffeine or a similar sized and colored placebo of maltodextrin was consumed amongst completing seven maximal 10-second sprint trials on a cycle ergometer. Each student had blood sampled from various veins – tested for caffeine content and capillaries for lactate evaluation. Prior to the trials and sampling, each student completed a health-study caffeine consumption questionnaire in order to assess typical, daily caffeine intake. The testing procedures were conducted in a climate controlled laboratory utilizing properly calibrated and cared for testing equipment. The supplement was then consumed and the same blood sampling procedures resumed after 50 minutes of resting time. After all blood sampling was complete each student performed a cycling warm-up followed by maximal practice sprints and then the 10-second maximal trial. A 2-minute cool down was completed after each sprint trial.

D. There was no significant connection between baseline serum caffeine concentrations before each trial though, excluding the placebo, considerable increases in serum caffeine concentrations were discovered between baseline and post supplementation trials. Blood lactate showed sizeable decline from baseline to post supplementation but no effect in caffeine dose or in the time dosage was given were found. In conclusion, while the purpose of the study was to assess the effects of caffeine supplementation on short-duration maximum intensity sprints the main finding is that the supplement did not have any effect on sprint performance trial of maximum intensity, average power, or the time it takes to reach maximum power; in spite of the dosage consumed. All data was investigated using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.

E. Regarding the elemental influences in the accuracy of the research - the authors’ writing style is succinct and grammatically acceptable while evading the use of argot; in addition, the arrangement is very organized. The designation of the study is visibly affirmed and accurate. The summary offers a brief and obvious observation of the study and includes the research question at hand, the sample, methods, and results.

Concerning the strength of research, the purpose of the study is acknowledged in the introduction and the report has a natural and linked flow of steps in the research process represented in a logical and empirical consistency from providing the abstract, introduction, methods: subjects, procedures, statistical analyses; results, discussion, practical applications, acknowledgments and references. The target population (short-duration endurance athletes) has been vaguely stated; this population is assumed through the mentioned of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), caffeine supplementation previously deemed a controlled substance, and athletic performance. The chosen sample was a decent size, however all the subjects were male and it was never stated if the subjects are endurance athletes – perhaps female endurance athletes may respond differently to the caffeine supplementation.

F. This study applies to the large focus and repertoire of the widely consumed drug. Since it was removed from the World Anti-Doping Agency’s “list of controlled substances” almost a decade ago, it has become a prospect of study for researchers and athletes to exploit its supplementing potential – the effect of caffeine on athletic performance has been heavily focused on endurance exercise research since the previous hypothesization of its glycogen sparing capability.

Attachment: File

Research Review 1.docx (16.283 KB)

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Thread:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Post:: RE: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: September 24, 2012 2:35 PM
Status:: Published

Did the use Whey?

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Thread:: Nutrition Challenges of a Marathon Runner with a Gastric Bypass
Post:: RE: Nutrition Challenges of a Marathon Runner with a Gastric Bypass
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: September 24, 2012 2:27 PM
Status:: Published

Wow. Really unique study!

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Thread:: The effects of Creatine monohydrate Loading on Anaerobic Performance and 1RM Strength
Post:: RE: The effects of Creatine monohydrate Loading on Anaerobic Performance and 1RM Strength
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 2:16 PM
Status:: Published

The typical "loading" dose is 20 grams for 7 days, then most will scale down to 5 g /day. 40 grams would likely lead to large amounts of creatine being excreted.

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Thread:: Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Post:: RE: Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 2:12 PM
Status:: Published

Typically on studies that use elite groups you will see much smaller sample sizes.

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Thread:: Comparison of Coconut Water and Sports Drinks
Post:: RE: Comparison of Coconut Water and Sports Drinks
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 2:06 PM
Status:: Published

Was any explanation given as to what may have caused the GI distress from the coconut water?

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Thread:: CHO-Pro supplementation effects
Post:: RE: CHO-Pro supplementation effects
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 2:03 PM
Status:: Published

This is a great study and one of the first that really took a hard look at cho-pro supplementation post workout.

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Thread:: Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Post:: RE: Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 1:55 PM
Status:: Published

Great Insight. As you state, though the clinical (statistical) significance may have been reduced based in the sample size since the information was trending in the direction of improved performance it appears further investigations are warranted.

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Thread:: Dietary Supplementation Practices in Canadian High-Performance Athletes
Post:: RE: Dietary Supplementation Practices in Canadian High-Performance Athletes
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 1:49 PM
Status:: Published

It is certainly available, just like in the US. the problem is largely getting athletes connected to these resources.

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Thread:: Eating Disorders Among University Student-Athletes
Post:: RE: Eating Disorders Among University Student-Athletes
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 1:48 PM
Status:: Published

Our department has recently purchased a program known as Survey monkey. This program would allow the administration of a similar assessment on a broader scale. If this is an area that interests you this would make a great graduate project.

Another interesting body image disorder we will discuss in class is Muscle dysmorphia, which primarily effects males. It is an irrational preoccupation, or drive, for increased muscularity.

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Thread:: Eating Disorders Among University Student-Athletes
Post:: RE: Eating Disorders Among University Student-Athletes
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 1:43 PM
Status:: Published

Early detection and intervention is critical.

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Thread:: Caffeine and Sprinting Performance
Post:: RE: Caffeine and Sprinting Performance
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 1:42 PM
Status:: Published

Dara. It appears these were not athletes, rather sport science students that volunteered.

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Thread:: MRI Evaluation of Body Composition in Wrestlers during Rapid Weight Loss
Post:: RE: MRI Evaluation of Body Composition in Wrestlers during Rapid Weight Loss
Author:: Garrett Fletcher

Posted Date:: September 26, 2012 1:55 PM
Status:: Published

nope, that was one thing I critiqued negatively about it. They didn't explain or list any methods of how they collected the basic body composition.

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Thread:: Caffeine and Sprinting Performance
Post:: RE: Caffeine and Sprinting Performance
Author:: Garrett Fletcher

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 3:15 PM
Status:: Published

Hi Dara,

That was a pretty interesting read! Do you think anything could have been done differently that may have shown significance changes in performance factors that were recorded? What about if the chosen subjects were different?

Have a great weekend!

Garrett

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Thread:: MRI Evaluation of Body Composition in Wrestlers during Rapid Weight Loss
Post:: MRI Evaluation of Body Composition in Wrestlers during Rapid Weight Loss
Author:: Garrett Fletcher

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 3:09 PM
Status:: Published

RESEARCH REVIEW #1: Advanced Nutrition

A. Source

Kukidome, T., Shirai, K., Kubo, J., Matsushima, Y., Yanagisawa, O., Homma, T., Aizawa, K., (2008). MRI evaluation of body composition changes in wrestlers undergoing rapid weight loss. British Journal of Sports Medicine. (48), pp.814-818.

B. Purpose of Study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in body composition of college wrestlers undergoing rapid weight loss over time using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

C. Methods and Materials

The study used 12 male wrestlers between 18-22 years of age participating in an intercollegiate tournament. Measurements were taken from each athlete at five separate times through the course of the study; 1 month and 1 week prior to weigh-in, on the day of the weigh-in, on the day of the match (after the match) and 1 week after the weigh-in. These measurements included body weight, body fat percentage, body water content, and a MRI of the trunk and right femoral region. However the authors did not list how this data was specifically collected. In addition, a registered dietitian conduced a survey on food intake combining methods of a self-report, and visual records (digital photo). The pre-1 month survey was conducted a month before weigh-in, the pre-1 week survey was conducted a week before weigh-in, the third was taken the day of the weigh-in, and the final survey was taken at some point after weigh-in and after the match on competition day.

A 1.5T MRI system was used to measure the cross-sectional areas of muscles, subcutaneous fat and viscera (in trunk) in the femoral region and trunk regions. The muscle area of the lower extremity was defined as the cross-sectional area of the total muscles from the knee joint gap to the superior end of the greater trochanter (8 muscles, see article). The same data was collected in the trunk region, which was defined by the cross-sectional areas of total muscles (8 muscles, see article).

D. Summary of Results/Conclusion

After collection, data was compared through the use of a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and when a significant difference was found the Fisher’s protected least significant difference multiple comparison test. The significance was set at p<0.05. The results of body composition data revealed there was no change in body weight between 1-month and 1 week before weigh-in, but it was significantly lower (average 5.4kg or 9.9lbs) on the day of weigh-in compared to 1-month before (p<0.01). In addition to that, they average percentage of body weight reduction was -7.3%. The day of competition (after the match) body weight data increased an average of 3.1kg (6.8lbs) compared to the day of weigh-in. The fat percentage and body water content was also significantly lower on the day of weigh-in compared to 1-month before (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). However, 1-week after the weigh-in they had returned to the same levels as 1-month before. The MRI revealed the cross-sectional areas of total muscles and fat in the trunk and lower extremities were significantly lower at 1-week before weigh-in, the day of weigh-in, day of competition, and 1-week after weigh-in compared to 1-month prior (p<0.01). Interestingly, the cross-sectional levels at 1-week after the weigh-in reverted to the same ones seen 1-week prior to weigh-in. However, the lower extremities did not show a significant difference between 1-week after weigh-in and 1-month prior. It is important to note, the cross-sectional areas of fat in the lower extremities the day of competition reverted back to the same levels seen 1-month prior to weigh-in. Moreover, the fat in the lower extremities was significantly higher 1-week before weigh-in than 1-month prior (p<0.05). These two pieces of information revealed that there are differences found in skeletal muscle and fat tissue properties, depending on the different regions of the body during the body composition changes seen during rapid weight reduction in the wrestlers. Further research is needed to find the degree of change that occurs.

To summarize the survey, the athletes showed an obvious decrease in food and fluid intake from 1-month before weigh-in all the way up to the day of the way in. However, the time period between weigh-in and competition revealed their food and fluid intake was 1.5 times the amount reported 1-month prior. The authors speculated the body composition on the day of competition reverting back to that seen 1-week prior to weigh-in is a result from the observed increase of food and fluid intake during the time between weigh-in and the day of competition. This would suggest that nutrient intake and rehydration are two major factors that should be included into the planning of wrestlers’ strength and conditioning periodization programs, especially in the recovery process between weigh-in and competition.

E. Critique of Study

I personally enjoyed this study because the use of MRI gives new insight as to what is actually occurring with body composition during rapid weight loss methods over-time. The pairing of the MRI a nutritional survey is very unique and has revealed new roads to research for other sports. The statistical methods they used for analyzing data seemed to be sufficient. However, I was disappointed that the authors did not list the methods or tools used to gather the body composition data (body water content, percent body fat, and body weight). Also, there was not any discussion about the observation that the cross-sectional area of fat in the lower extremities was significantly higher (p<0.01) 1-week before to the weigh-in compared to 1-month prior. In my opinion, this alerted my attention because the wrestlers were taking in much less food and fluid by this point before competition, and should had a decrease in fat mass. It is understood that there could be many explanations for this, but the authors never discussed it.

F. Practical Application

To practically apply this study to the real world or my own career I could do one or several of the following:

- Run this exact same study on Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) fighters.

- Apply this information to current MMA athletes, or any other athletes in sports the use rapid weight loss methods.

- Use this as support to any seminars or discussions I have with fighters or coaches who use rapid weight reduction methods.

- Coaches of all sports using this method of weight loss can pay more attention to the nutritional and hydration behaviors of their athletes so performance can be improved during competition.

Attachment: File

RESEARCH REVIEW #1 advanced nutrition.docx (132.936 KB)

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Thread:: Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults
Post:: RE: Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults
Author:: Garrett Fletcher

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 8:11 AM
Status:: Published

That's a good article! Here are two question for you:

Did the article mention the subjects having to come back as an "out-patient" type of visit to see any effects several weeks after the post-testing day? (like increase in fat mass or water retention)

If so, in your opinion, in sports where disciplined nutritional programming and proper periodization program are vital for athletes to make weight while maintaining as much lean mass as possible, when and how would you cycle this 6-weeks of fish oil into their plan without having any adverse effects on their weight-cutting before weigh-in?

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Thread:: Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men
Post:: RE: Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men
Author:: Sheena Forero

Posted Date:: September 16, 2012 4:56 PM
Status:: Published

Interesting article. I would definitely like to read the full article. Beneficial information to know when considering the goals (muscle hypertrophy/lean mass) of individuals or athletes.

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Thread:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Post:: RE: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Author:: Sheena Forero

Posted Date:: September 16, 2012 4:50 PM
Status:: Published

Interesting topic. Seems as though protein played a bigger role in strength, which can support strength athletes higher protein intake.

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Thread:: Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults
Post:: Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults
Author:: Sheena Forero

Posted Date:: September 13, 2012 11:01 PM
Status:: Published

Noreen, E. E, Sass,M.J., Crowe, M.L., Pabon, V.A., Brandauer, J., Averill, L.K. (2010). Effects of supplemental fish oil onresting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthyadults. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7:31

The purposes ofthe study was to determine the effects of supplemental fish oil on bodycomposition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in healthy adults and the effectsof supplemental fish oil on morning salivary cortisol concentrations, anddetermine if there is a relationship between changes in body composition due totreatment.

The studyconsisted of 44 participants (men and women) that were healthy and active, butnot engaged in a consistent, systematic exercise program. These subjects were randomly assignedin a double blind manner to a group that was given safflower oil (SO) or Fishoil (FO). In addition, they weredirected to consume two capsules with breakfast and two capsules with dinnerfor a six-week period. The testingbegan after a morning following ten-twelve hour overnight fast, in which, RMRwas determined in twenty four participants (the first twelve from each group)using an open circuit indirect calorimetry, body composition was assessed viathe Bod Pod of all participants, and salivary samples were taken via passivedrool to be analyzed for cortisol content using an enzyme immunoassay kit. Lastly, all the testing was repeatedafter a six-week period.

The resultspresented with a significant increase in fat free mass following treatment of FOcompared to SO (FO=+0.5kg, SO=-0.1kg, p=0.03), a significant reduction in fatmass (FO=-0.5kg, SO=+0.2kg, p=0.04), and a tendency for decrease in body fatpercentage (FO=-0.4% body fat, SO=+0.3% body fat, p=0.08). However, no significant differences wereobserved for body mass (FO=0.0kg, SO=+0.2kg), RMR (FO=+17kcal, SO=-62kcal), orrespiratory exchange ratio (FO=-0.02, SO=+0.02). Lastly, there was a tendency for salivary cortisol todecrease in the FO group (FO=-0.064μg/dL,SO=+0.016μg/dL,p=0.11) and there was a significant correlation in the FO group between changein cortisol and change in fat free mass (r=-0.504, p=0.02) and fat mass(r=0.661, p=0.001). Consideringall the data, this study showed that six weeks of supplemental fish oilincreased lean mass and reduced fat mass in healthy adult. Along with decreasing salivary cortisolconcentrations, which contributed to the increase of fat free mass anddecreased fat mass observed.

Within the studythere appeared to be some areas of weakness that could be critiqued, such as,the researchers did not use or ask for dietary records of the participants,they tested RMR for twenty-four subjects versus all the subjects, and they didnot test systematically active individuals (athletes). Chiefly, an application of this studywould be to introduce fish oil supplementation to overweight individuals andindividuals wanting to decrease fat mass and increase lean mass.

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Thread:: The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses
Post:: RE: The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses
Author:: Timothy Gabriel

Posted Date:: September 17, 2012 9:51 AM
Status:: Published

It would be interesting to know a little more about the runners fitness levels and if there was any training they were doing while the test was being conducted. Could the improvements been do to training and not the ingestion of creatine.

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Thread:: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Post:: RE: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Author:: Timothy Gabriel

Posted Date:: September 17, 2012 9:40 AM
Status:: Published

I looked the article over and I think its interesting that they never listed the nutritional facts of the drinks. In the future maybe that is something that needs to be taken into consideration a little more closely.

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Thread:: Supplementing with Carbohydrats-, Protein-, and Ribose repletion drink
Post:: Supplementing with Carbohydrats-, Protein-, and Ribose repletion drink
Author:: Timothy Gabriel

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 7:05 PM
Status:: Published

A. Cramer, JT, Housh, TJ, Johnson, GO, Coburn, JW, and Stout, JR. 2012. Effects of a Carbohydrate-, Protein-, and Ribose-Containing Repletion Drink During 8 Weeks of Endurance Training on Aerobic Capacity, Endurance Performance, and Body Composition. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(8): 2234-2242.

B. The study was conducted to test carbohydrate-, protein-, ribose-containing repletion drink vs. carbohydrates alone on aerobic capacity, endurance performance, and body composition during an 8 week aerobic training program.

C. This was a randomized, double-blind parallel study. Test population was thirty-two men, with a mean age of 23 plus or minus 3 years. Each subject was assessed to be healthy by routine medical screening and they exercised regularly. No subject had used any type of supplement within 30 days of testing. Instructions were given for no food consumption 2 hours before and 1 hour after testing to avoid conflict. Participants were divided into two different groups, 15 received the test drink, which consisted of, 370 kcal, 76 g carbohydrate, 14 g protein, 2.2 g d-ribose. 17 received the control drink that was 370 kcal, 93 g carbohydrates. Each participant took their drink immediately after training. For 1 hour a day, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks, and roughly at the same time each day, cycle ergometry training at 70% Vo2peak was conducted. Testing to obtain performance changes were conducted the week before initial testing, end of week 3, end of week 6, and the end of training. The tests performed to assess changes were percent body fat (%fat), fat free mass (FFM), aerobic capacity, Vo2peak, and fixed power output at 90% Vo2peak or time to exhaustion. Underwater weighing was used, before any other tests were performed, to gain body density. Aerobic capacity and fixed power output endurance tests were performed on a calibrated Quinton (Corval 400) electronically braked cycle ergometer. To determine aerobic capacity a subject pedaled at 70 rpm at a power output of 60 W. The power would be increased 30 W every 2 minutes until 60 rpm could not be maintained, despite strong verbal encouragement. During this portion of testing expired gas was measured using a TrueMax 2400 metabolic measuring system. The subject breathed through a two way valve and the highest Vo2 recorded was defined as Vo2peak. After 48 hours of completion to allow sufficient rest from the aerobic capacity tests, fixed power output testing was completed. Subjects pedaled at 70 rpm with a power output corresponding to 90% power output at Vo2peak based on the aerobic capacity test. Subjects pedaled at 60 rpm until they could no longer maintain this pace, despite strong verbal encouragement. Time to exhaustion (TTE) was recorded when the set pace could no longer be maintained.

D. The results of the study show that there was no significant differences, other than the training-induced changes, in body weight (BW), %fat, FFM, Vo2peak, or TTE between the test and the control drinks. Although the addition of protein and ribose may have helped to augment the loss of %fat and the increase in FFM in the early stages of training, first 3-6 weeks. This correlates with studies showing an increase in protein synthesis after ingesting a carbohydrate and protein drink after aerobic exercise and concurs with other recent studies that show the positive effects of endurance training on aerobic fitness and body composition. Authors suggest in the future that exercise intensity and volume should be increased to see if there are different responses to supplementing with carbohydrate, protein and ribose drinks. Also, the authors admit, distribution of the substrates could have affected the results, due to the fact that both drinks were predominately Carbohydrates. Along the same line the authors admit, even though instructed to eat normally, subjects might have changed their diet and thus cause results to be skewed.

E. Even with no significant results something that can be taken from this work is that it supports other studies in this area of supplementation. This study can be easily replicated so that in the future it can be used as a base line to evaluate if changes to the variables, such as the ingredients or exercise intensity and volume, affect the outcome. Another area that might be beneficial in future studies, such as this, would be to control the participant’s diet and therefor avoiding the possible interference with the results. Also during this article it was confusing as the authors went back and forth with evidence from other studies trying to support their reasoning for the outcome of this study instead of just saying if it was beneficial or not.

F. The only practical application is that supplementation with carbohydrates, protein, and ribose for endurance training might help a person if they are trying to decrease %fat and increase FFM at the start of training, such as an athlete returning from the offseason in a sport that has weight requirements.

Article can be viewed at: http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2012/08000/Effects_of_a_Carbohydrate_,_Protein_,_and.29.aspx

1. What would the effects of this kind of supplementation be during resistance exercise training.

2. If the total calories in the supplement were increased during the training could that have helped to elicit a greater response in the changes in percent fat or fat free mass after 3-6 weeks.

3. Could there have been a greater response if the test drink contained more ribose

Attachment: File

Article review 1.docx (18.336 KB)

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Thread:: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Post:: RE: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Author:: Benjamin Hicks

Posted Date:: September 19, 2012 9:18 PM
Status:: Published

Being a former collegiate runner makes this study very interesting to me. I know when I was running on a more consistent basis with a team I was not always as concerned about when I would be taking in fluids as much as I was of when I was going to eat my meals for that day. I know myself and many other elite level runners would plan their meals around when and what type of run they would be doing for that particular day. As far as fluid intake, it was never something planned out. Hydration definitely needs to be discussed more with distance runners than I remember it being.

As an athletic trainer I feel that a weigh in and weigh out measurement should be done before and after any run to help the coach and each particular runner know where their hydration level is at. This is done very frequent during two a day football work outs, during the hottest times of the year, but why do we not think to do this with the distance runners? This is a practice that I feel should be done more often to help educate the runner about the importance of hydration but also to help them recognize what their hydration level is at when they have a good or bad run.

I think this study can lead to another study that focuses specifically on elite level runners. Getting information about what the subject ate would also be a good thing to get record of when doing these types of studies, since some foods carry more fluid in them and some cause the body to retain more fluid.

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Thread:: Effects of Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
Post:: RE: Effects of Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
Author:: Benjamin Hicks

Posted Date:: September 19, 2012 8:36 PM
Status:: Published

I find this study interesting because of my experience with distance running and the myths I have heard about the topic of post-exercise drinks.

Since they were doing two bouts of tests until exhaustion in the same day, I would have hypothesized that the solution with just carbohydrates would have had significant improvements compared to the solution with both carbohydrates and protein. My reasoning for this hypothesis comes from knowing that the body can quickly and more easily convert and store the energy from carbohydrates compared to protein. I would have thought the solution with protein in it would have had a slower absorption rate, thus negatively affecting the subjects recovery time.

I agree, there needed to be a larger subject pool, but I understand the difficulty of finding subjects that fit the criteria. I am also curious if any difference with these two solutions would be observed with females.

Great find, Brett.

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Thread:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Post:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Author:: Benjamin Hicks

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 7:26 PM
Status:: Published

Electronic copy of the article.

Attachment: File

Research Review 1.pdf (133.915 KB)

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Thread:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Post:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Author:: Benjamin Hicks

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 7:09 PM
Status:: Published

A. Citation

Hoffman, J.R., Ratamess, N.A., Tranchina, C.P., Rashti,S.L., Kang, J., & Faigenbaum, A.D. (2009). Effect of Protein-SupplementTiming on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-TrainedMen. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 19,172-185.

B. Purposeof Study

Previous research on protein timinghas usually used untrained or recreational trained participants. There is alimited amount of research that has been done to understand how protein timingaffects resistance-trained athletes. The purpose of this study was to observethe role of protein timing on resistance-trained athletes participating in a10-week off-season conditioning program. This study will focus onprotein-supplement timing on strength, power, and body composition.

C. Methods& Materials

Thisstudy used 33 male participants who volunteered and are resistance-trained. Theseparticipants were randomly assigned to three different groups: proteinsupplement provided in the morning and evening (n=13), protein supplementprovided immediately before and immediately after workouts (n=13), and acontrol group (n=7). Participants were not permitted to use any additionalnutritional supplementation and had not consumed anabolic steroids or any otheranabolic agents for the previous year. The protein supplement used in thisstudy was a prepackaged 42-g proprietary blend of protein. (enzymaticallyhydrolyzed collagen protein isolate, whey protein isolate, and casein proteinisolate).

The participants were all initially assessed for strength andpower for the bench press and the squat at week 0, and then reassessed at theconclusion of week 10. Strength was determined by their 1RM and power wasdetermined by 5 repetitions performed at 80% of 1RM in both the bench press andthe squat. During the initial (week 0) and final (week 10) assessments, bodycomposition was measured using whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.Power was also measured using a Tendo power-output unit. Dietary recalls were analyzed during the weekbefore onset of study and during week 9 of the study, using FoodWorks dietaryanalysis software. Urine measurements were also collected at weeks 0 and 10 toassess urea nitrogen excretion and determine nitrogen balance.

D. Summaryof Results/Conclusion

Thisstudy showed that no significant changes occurred in body mass in any group andno differences between groups were observed. No significant changes were notedfor percent body fat, fat mass, or lean body mass in any group. Significantimprovements were seen from week 0 to week 10 in 1RM squat but significantimprovements in the 1RM bench press was seen in a.m./p.m. and pre-post groupsonly. However no between-groups differences were seen, and comparisons betweengroups showed no significant difference in either the 1RM squat or 1RM benchpress. Peak and mean power in the squat and bench press significantly improvedfrom week 0 to week 10 in the a.m./p.m. and pre-post groups, but no significantdifferences in comparison between the groups were noted for any of the powermeasures in either the squat of the bench-press exercise.

In conclusion this study does notprovide support to the benefits of pre- and post-exercise ingestion of 42-gprotein supplement compared with a morning and evening ingestion of the sameprotein supplement during a 10 week resistance training program withresistance-trained males. Both supplement groups did significantly increaseupper and lower body strength and power, but no between-groups differences inany strength or power measure were seen. Since no difference in strength andpower performance was seen between all three groups, it appears that if additionalprotein intake from a supplement will not result in performance gains,regardless of timing. The nitrogen measurements were all positive, indicatingthat the protein intakes in this study were sufficient needs for theseparticipants.

E. Critiqueof the Study

Someof the limitations for this study come from the inconsistent protein tocarbohydrate ratios that previous studies may have used, causing the rate ofabsorption to change. Although the optimal ratio is not known, it still createsa difficult comparison when the ratios are different from one study to thennext. Another limiting factor in this study comes from the low caloric intakethat the participates received throughout the study. Previous studies haveindicated that high energy intake is important for gains in lean body mass.Overall I found that this study was conducted very well and eliminated as manylimitations as they could without disrupting the study.

F. PracticalApplication

Sincethis study did not support the hypothesis that protein timing provides asignificant benefit to lean body mass, strength, and power, athletic trainersor coaches can use this study to help show their athletes that proteinsupplementing is not always beneficial or needed. It can also be used to helpstrength coaches educate their athletes on the appropriate use of proteinsupplementing.

Questions:

- Why was the control group not as large as thetwo experimental groups?

- Would the results of this study be different ifthe subjects were female?

- Why was a specific age range not specified forthis study?

- What was their definition of an experiencedverses an inexperienced resisted-trained participant?

- Why was dietary recall only done at week 0 andweek 9?

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Thread:: Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults
Post:: RE: Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults
Author:: Chelsea Hillis

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 5:01 PM
Status:: Published

This looks familiar! haha. This was an interesting study. I've always heard that fish oil was really good for you, but after reading this I'm thinking that perhaps I should start taking fish oil along with my workout. I'll have to follow up and talk to you about in Spaniol's class! Good job Kal!

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Thread:: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Post:: RE: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Author:: Chelsea Hillis

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 4:56 PM
Status:: Published

I love to read the articles you pick! They are always so interesting and I love sports drinks. Ive never really thought about drinking other things such as coconut water, I've just always gone for the Gatorade. Real interesting stuff!

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Thread:: Dietary Supplementation Practices in Canadian High-Performance Athletes
Post:: Dietary Supplementation Practices in Canadian High-Performance Athletes
Author:: Chelsea Hillis

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 4:49 PM
Status:: Published

Dietary Supplementation Practices in Canadian High-Performance Athletes

Victor Lun, Kelly A. Erdman, Tak S. Fung, and Raylene A. Reimer

Dietary supplementation is a common practice in athletes with a desire to enhance performance, training, exercise recovery,
and health. Supplementation habits of elite athletes in western Canada have been documented, but research is lacking
on supplement use by athletes across Canada. The purpose of this descriptive study was to evaluate the dietary supplementation
practices and perspectives of high-performance Canadian athletes affiliated with each of the country’s eight
Canadian Sport Centres. Dietitians administered a validated survey to 440 athletes (63% women, 37% men; M =19.99 ±
5.20 yr) representing 34 sports who predominantly trained ≥16 hr/wk, most competing in “power” based sports. Within
the previous 6 months, 87% declared having taken ≥3 dietary supplements, with sports drinks, multivitamin and mineral
preparations, carbohydrate sports bars, protein powder, and meal-replacement products the most prevalent supplements
reported. Primary sources of information on supplementation, supplementation justification, and preferred means of
supplementation education were identified. Fifty-nine percent reported awareness of current World Anti-Doping Agency
legislation, and 83% subjectively believed they were in compliance with such antidoping regulations. It was concluded
that supplementation rates are not declining in Canada, current advisors on supplementation for this athletic population are
not credible, and sports medicine physicians and dietitians need to consider proactive strategies to improve their influence
on supplementation practices in these elite athletes.

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Thread:: Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men
Post:: RE: Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men
Author:: Lindsey Hough

Posted Date:: September 21, 2012 1:00 PM
Status:: Published

The biggest limitation to this study, it appears to me, is that all subjects weren't restricted to the same kcal intake or, as you mentioned, ensured that tall amino acids/amounts were level for the groups. Seems that would have made a huge difference. Good criticism!

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Thread:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Post:: RE: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Author:: Lindsey Hough

Posted Date:: September 21, 2012 12:57 PM
Status:: Published

Ben, I did this article, too. I wonder about whether or not the timing of protein does impact not power or strength but absorption and use for slowing muscle degradation or increasing repair.

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Thread:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Post:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Author:: Lindsey Hough

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 8:45 PM
Status:: Published

The effect of 10 wk of protein-supplement timing on strength, power, and body composition was examined in 33 resistance-trained men. Participants were randomly assigned to a protein supplement either provided in the morning and evening (n = 13) or provided immediately before and immediately after workouts (n = 13). In addition, 7 participants agreed to serve as a control group and did not use any protein or other nutritional supplement. During each testing session participants were assessed for strength (one-repetition-maximum [1RM] bench press and squat), power (5 repetitions performed at 80% of 1RM in both the bench press and the squat), and body composition. A significant main effect for all 3 groups in strength improvement was seen in 1RM bench press (120.6 ± 20.5 kg vs. 125.4 ± 16.7 at Week 0 and Week 10 testing, respectively) and 1RM squat (154.5 ± 28.4 kg vs. 169.0 ± 25.5 at Week 0 and

Week 10 testing, respectively). However, no significant between-groups interactions were seen in 1RM squat or 1RM bench press. Significant main effects were also seen in both upper and lower body peak and mean power, but no significant differences

were seen between groups. No changes in body mass or percent body fat were seen in any of the groups. Results indicate that the time of protein-supplement ingestion in resistance-trained athletes during a 10-wk training program does not provide any

added benefit to strength, power, or body-composition changes.

http://ehis.ebscohost.com.manowar.tamucc.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c243bbb7-7041-4aff-8cb8-60135ea867e1%40sessionmgr10&vid=1&hid=5

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Thread:: The effects of Creatine monohydrate Loading on Anaerobic Performance and 1RM Strength
Post:: RE: The effects of Creatine monohydrate Loading on Anaerobic Performance and 1RM Strength
Author:: Jessica Korda

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 8:45 PM
Status:: Published

This was a good article. It would have been interesting to see the results of they received supplements for more than just seven days.

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Thread:: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Post:: RE: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Author:: Jessica Korda

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 8:41 PM
Status:: Published

This was a good study! I would also test elite athletes, as well as non-elite athletes. This way they can figure out what the different needs are for the different groups of athletes. Good review!

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Thread:: The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses
Post:: The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses
Author:: Jessica Korda

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 8:35 PM
Status:: Published

The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses

Citation:

Faraji, H., Arazi, H., Sheikholeslamivatani, D., & Hakimi, M. (2010). The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Running Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses. South African Journal for Research in Sport, 32(2): 31-39.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of short-term creatine supplementation and circulating hormone concentrations on sprint running performance for the 100 and 200-meter dash.

Methods/Materials:

Twenty amateur male runners were divided into two different groups, the placebo group and the creatine supplementation group. The creatine group were given three equal dosages of capsules filled with creatine monohydrate supplementation of 20g/day. This was to be taken with every major meal. While the placebo group was provided with an identical powdered cellulose placebo. The subjects were tested before and after six days for resting blood hormone concentrations and performance.

Summary of results/conclusion:

The men who received creatine supplementation had a significant decrease in their time for the 100-m run, but not in the 200-m. The conclusion of the study found that short-term creatine supplementation improved sprint performance in the 100 meter dash, but there was no hormonally medicated performance improvement.

Critique of the study:

The study was well organized, and displayed a fair amount of information. There are a few changes I would make to this experiment. I would include females in the experiment. I would also make the experiment have a longer duration period, instead of just six days. This way you would be able to take more data and see if the creatine supplementation would work for the 200-m run, if there was a longer time duration.

Practical Application of the Study:

This study can be used to help coaches decide if they feel it would be best for their athletes take a creatine supplement, especially for the short distance sprinters. I feel that creatine would help an athlete increase their performance. It has many benefits, and should be used with the help of an expert.

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Thread:: The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses
Post:: RE: The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses
Author:: Elizabeth Leal

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 2:30 PM
Status:: Published

An interesting topic! I agree that females should have been included in the study. I would have also liked to see the effects on elite leveled athletes instead of amateur athletes. Could the results have been different?

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Thread:: Effects of Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
Post:: RE: Effects of Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
Author:: Elizabeth Leal

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 2:24 PM
Status:: Published

Great job! I can really see how you would really like to see more strengths in this study. I agree that there were too few participants and more tests should be done to see if there are no significant changes either.

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Thread:: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Post:: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Author:: Elizabeth Leal

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 2:32 PM
Status:: Published

Research Review #1

O'Neal, E. K., Wingo, J. E., Richardson, M. T., Leeper , J. D., Neggers, Y. H., & Bishop, P. A. (2011). Half-marathon and full-marathon runners' hydration practices and perceptions. Journal of Athletic Training, 46(6), 581-591.

Purpose of Study

Among the scientific community there has yet to be a consensus as to what hydration guidelines distance runners should follow. Due to the lack of study, what little information distance runners do encounter varies greatly. In doing so, the primary purpose of this study was to determine which beverages runners drink and why, whether decreased performance or heat-related illness symptoms are believed to be caused by lack of hydration, and how runners monitor their hydration status. To conduct this investigation, populations representing “average” nonelite level distance runners were targeted (O'Neal, Wingo, Richardson, Leeper, Neggers & Bishop, 2011). A questionnaire that consisted of 23 items was used for the survey.

Methods and Materials

Participants in the 2010 Little Rock, Arkansas, Half-Marathon and Marathon were surveyed on site during exhibition two days before the race. There were no qualification time requirements needed to attend the marathon which therefore brought a large number of possible participants. The only inclusion criteria for this study were that participants be at least 18 years of age and registered to run the half-marathon or full marathon (O'Neal, Wingo, Richardson, Leeper, Neggers & Bishop, 2011). A total of 146 men and 130 women were part of the investigation.

Pertaining to materials, investigators provided a table for participants to complete their surveys as well as multiples signs that informed runners of their study located at the entrance of the registration site. Investigators had also gone on further by approaching runners to explain the survey and what requirements were needed if they wished to be a part of the study.

Summary of Results/Conclusion

According to results, 70% percent of all participants believed that decreases in their performance were the effects from dehydration. Furthermore, the high group participants reported an increasing rate than those of the low and moderate leveled groups. In terms of choice of beverage, the high group reported greater use of sports beverages and believed that sport beverages containing carbohydrates and electrolytes in runs greater than an hour improves performance better than water alone. This may be the result of the group having greater experiences in terms of distance, intensity, and frequency than that of a runner from the low or moderate group. When monitoring hydration statuses, the majority of distance runners used urine color. This simple technique correlates highly with urine specific gravity and urine osmolality and is a practice supported by the National Athletic Trainers Association (O'Neal, Wingo, Richardson, Leeper, Neggers & Bishop, 2011).

There is a possibility that because the majority of distance runners trained without any form of supervision it is weighed heavily on the importance of health care professionals to pass information to fellow runners of proper hydration in training and competition. Ranging from expositions to word of mouth is suggested. The measuring of changes in body mass is the most accurate way to determine acute changes in hydration level and sweat loss and is a vital component for developing an individual hydration strategy (O'Neal, Wingo, Richardson, Leeper , Neggers & Bishop, 2011). According to this study, only 5 (2%) reported to using this form of measurement as a hydration status. It is clear that forms of promotion is needed as well as further studies on ways to be able to develop individualized hydration plans for both recreational and elite-leveled distance runners.

Critique of the Study

A notable strength found within the study was the survey created by the lead investigator, Dr. O’Neal. Before reaching the hands of participants, the survey went through various stages of revision. Co-investigators, whom were research experienced in areas related to this one, checked the content before presenting it to a review panel consisting of experienced runners and registered dieticians. Additionally, a draft survey was given to a group of runners to report if there were any sections that needed clarification.

As there is strength in conducting a survey there are also weaknesses that need to be noted. There is a possibility that participants were not as truthful as investigators would have liked them to be. Another weakness found within the article is the location of where investigators performed the study. Variables including climate could have changed the results had it been conducted in areas where it is normally cool and arid than in an area where it is common to be hot and humid like in Little Rock and the prevalence of dehydration or heat-related illnesses could possibly be greater.

Practical Application(s) of the Study

It is to be noted that the survey was conducted on “average” distance runners and results cannot be used over to elite-level runners. However, it may give great insight to possibilities of creating personal hydration guidelines that higher level runners can use. According to the study, the high group of participants had a greater percentage in experiencing decreased performance and reports of heat-related illnesses believed to be by dehydration. It may due to the increased level of intensity, distance, and frequency than those of the low or moderate groups. None the less, the safety of distance runners should be taken into accord in terms of fluid intake being a preventive measure for dehydration and heat-related illnesses. Additionally, applications can also be placed upon younger athletes who wish to pursue distance running. Education about proper hydration in training and competition can be of great attribute.

Questions:

What are the statistics in incidents of dehydration and heat-related illnesses in elite-level distance runners?

Is there are common outline that many athletes/coaches are using (if any) when training?

What tests are agreed by consensus in the scientific community to be an accurate way to determine hydration status and sweat loss among distance runners? How can it be implemented in a hydration plan?

Attachment: File

Review Article #1.pdf (1.066 MB)

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Thread:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Post:: RE: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Author:: Brett McQueen

Posted Date:: September 15, 2012 1:49 PM
Status:: Published

I like this study because it shows no difference in morning to evening groups. Many of my athletes have tried to convince me supplementation in either the morning or evening (depending on the individual) is the only way to make gains in mass.

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Thread:: MRI Evaluation of Body Composition in Wrestlers during Rapid Weight Loss
Post:: RE: MRI Evaluation of Body Composition in Wrestlers during Rapid Weight Loss
Author:: Brett McQueen

Posted Date:: September 15, 2012 1:42 PM
Status:: Published

I like the use of MRI here, but was there anything comparing it to the use of "standard" body composition testing tools such as the BodPod or Hydrostatic weighing?

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Thread:: Effects of Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
Post:: Effects of Isocaloric Carbohydrate vs Carbohydrate-Protein Supplements on Cycling Time to Exhaustion
Author:: Brett McQueen

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 9:12 PM
Status:: Published

Richardson, K. L., Coburn, J. W., Beam, W. C., & Brown, L. E. (2012). Effects of isocaloric carbohydrate vs carbohydrate-protein supplements on cycling time to exhaustion. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(5), 1361-1365.

Purpose of the study:

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of frequent post-exercise consumption of commercially available isocaloric carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein supplements on time to exhaustion during a subsequent bout of exercise.

Materials and Methods:

Seven men participated in this double blind study in a laboratory setting. They began by collecting VO_2max on each of the seven participants on a standard cycle ergometer and the Borg scale for perceived exertion was used every two minutes to gauge difficulty level. Each subject was given a scripted diet two-days prior to the study and asked not to exercise to make sure glucose stores in the body were as normal as possible. The diet used caloric ranges of 45-65% carbohydrate, 10-35% protein, and 20-35% from fat.

Seventy two hours prior to the study, participants participated in a twelve hour fast and then a time-to-exhaustion exercise test to measure their VO_2max with depleted liver glycogen stores. On the testing day, participants were given a time-to-exhaustion test. Fluids of the carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein solutions were pre-mixed by laboratory technicians each day with instructions on administration volumes at zero, thirty, sixty, ninety, and one hundred twenty minutes post exercise were given to the participants. At three hours after the conclusion of the first time-to-exhaustion session, the second session began; this protocol was used twice. One week after the second session, the participants were called back to complete a third and final session. This time; however, the opposite solution mixture was administered.

Conclusions and Results:

A 2x2 ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference between time-to-exhaustion tests (p>0.05) and no significant difference between the fluid solutions (p>0.05). Ultimately, this showed, there is no difference whether or not the post-activity fluid solution is carbohydrate or carbohydrate-protein based for recovery to perform another exhaustion based activity on the same day.

Critique of the study:

The number of subjects for this study was low compared to what is often seen in nutritional studies. This was likely due to the need for highly trained cyclists. Time-to-exhaustion protocols were significantly lower times than similar studies.

Questions:

- What other recovery activities took place in the three-hour window between exercise bouts? Was it active or passive recovery?

- Would longer time-to-exhaustion protocols have elicited the same statistical insignificance?

- What sports does this apply to in relation to VO_2max and short exercise bout to exhaustion?

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Thread:: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Post:: RE: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Author:: Justin Powell

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 5:32 PM
Status:: Published

This study is quite interesting considering that all athletes are very physically conditioned. Due to this, one would think that most athletes would have high self-esteem and little dissatisfaction with their bodies. However, does this study go into detail of factors that may account for white females having lower self esteem and high body dissatisfaction? For example, does specific sport participation or specific position in the sport have a significant role? I would think that if their position or sport called for the athlete to be bigger in stature than possibly there might be a little dissatisfaction with their body image.

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Thread:: Dietary Supplementation Practices in Canadian High-Performance Athletes
Post:: RE: Dietary Supplementation Practices in Canadian High-Performance Athletes
Author:: Justin Powell

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 5:22 PM
Status:: Published

This information is suprising that only 59% of high-performance athletes are aware of the World Anti-Doping Agency Legislation. However, when they stated that they are high-performance athletes does this mean that they are competitive athletes or just train at a high level. Another question that I would have about this study is if it goes into detail about why they choose to take dietary supplementation and if there are any significant results that were stated in the study showing positve affects on performance.

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Thread:: The effects of Creatine monohydrate Loading on Anaerobic Performance and 1RM Strength
Post:: The effects of Creatine monohydrate Loading on Anaerobic Performance and 1RM Strength
Author:: Justin Powell

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 5:15 PM
Status:: Published

Research Review 1

Zuniga, J. M., Housh, T. J., Camic, C. L., Hendrix, C. R., Mielke, M., Johnson, G. O., Housh, D. J., & Schmidt, R. J. (2012). The effects of creatine monohydrate loading on anaerobic performance and one-repetition maximum strength.Journal of strength and conditioning research, 26(6), 1651-1656.

Purpose of Study

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of seven days of supplementation with 20 g∙ of creatine monohydrate (CM) on mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) from the Wingate anaerobic test, (WAnT), body weight (BW), one repetition maximum (1RM) bilateral leg extension (LE) strength, and 1 RM bench press (BP) strength.

Methods and Materials

The study consisted of twenty-two untrained males with an age range of 22.1 ± 2.0 years that had to meet medical requirements. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the supplement group (n=10) or the placebo group (n=12). The supplement group ingested 20 g∙ of creatine monohydrate for seven days while the placebo group ingested 20 g∙ of maltodextrin powder for seven days. Pretests were conducted before supplementation and posttest were conducted after the seven days of supplementation. Anaerobic testing consisted of each subject performing two Wingate Anaerobic Tests on a bicycle ergometer separated by seven minutes. An optical sensor interface with a personal computer counted the number of flywheel revolutions every 1.0 seconds, and then computer software was used to calculate the Peak Power and Mean Power of each trial. The results from the two trials were calculated to find the average. Muscular strength testing was performed to find the 1RM muscular strength for leg extension and bench press. For the 1RM LE test each subject had to correctly position their body on a plate loaded leg extension resistance training machine. The proper adjustments were made for each subject and duplicated on both trials. BP was performed on a standard free-weight bench with an Olympic bar. Each subject received a lift off from a spotter, lowered bar to chest, and then rose bar until they reached full extension of the elbow. 1 RM of LE and BP was determined by adding progressively heavier loads until the subject could not complete the lift.

Summary of Results/Conclusion

The results found in this study show a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase from pre to post mean power in the group ingesting the creatine monohydrate, but no significant increase for the placebo group. This significance was supported by the analysis of the pre and post data that was analyzed by a follow up dependent t-test. Mean power showed a significant increase in the time (pre and post) x group (supplement and placebo) interaction analyzed by the two-way mixed factorial analyses of variance. There was no significance at p≤0.05 for group x time interaction for group 1RM LE, 1RM BP, PP, and BW using repeated measure ANOVA. No significant differences between the two groups for caloric and macronutrients intake were analyzed by an independent t-test. This study did a good job reporting results strictly based on the analysis of the two-way mixed factorial analyses of variance as well as the independent t-tests.

Critique of the Study

This study was very well written; however, I would have liked to have seen a bigger and broader sample used that included females and a wider age range. I think it also would have been beneficial to make a mention of the nutritional status of the subjects in the sample. I believe this could create a limitation if the nutritional status of the subjects ranged from one end of the spectrum to the other because it could lead to misleading statistics. The amount of creatine already being consumed by each individual could also have played a role in the results of this study.

Practical Application

These findings indicate that seven days of loading with creatine monohydrate can have an ergogenic, enhanced physical performance, effect on repeated, high intensity activities lasting approximately 30 seconds. Thus, creatine monohydrate loading can be used to enhance anaerobic performance.

Questions

1. Why did the authors choose not to include females in this study?

2. Would an increase in the amount of Creatine Monohydrate consumed positively affect the 1RM of either upper or lower body strength?

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Thread:: Eating Disorders Among University Student-Athletes
Post:: RE: Eating Disorders Among University Student-Athletes
Author:: Jasmine Richmond

Posted Date:: September 19, 2012 12:19 PM
Status:: Published

This was a very interesting read. I think people often forget that athletes, although they tend to be in great shape, also struggle with eating disorders. Did this study look at body image issues as well, or just eating disorders? It seems like body image issues might be more prevalent ,or what leads people to start having eating disorders.

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Thread:: Research Review 1: The Effects of Ramadan and Aerobic Training Combined
Post:: RE: Research Review 1: The Effects of Ramadan and Aerobic Training Combined
Author:: Jasmine Richmond

Posted Date:: September 19, 2012 12:08 PM
Status:: Published

I almost did my assignment on an article about performance during Ramdam, so good choice! This was really interesting. I wonder why they chose to only look at body composition effects instead of performance effects as well. It seem kind of obvious that by fasting during daylight hours you would lose weight/fat but I woud have liked to see if the fed group out performed the fast group or had more performance gains.

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Thread:: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Post:: RE: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Author:: Jasmine Richmond

Posted Date:: September 19, 2012 11:59 AM
Status:: Published

Its from the JISSN, the same journal that Dr.Dawes gives us a lot of stuff from. I think they chose coconut water because its popular at the moment.

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Thread:: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Post:: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Author:: Jasmine Richmond

Posted Date:: September 13, 2012 3:38 PM
Status:: Published

Jasmine Richmond

KINE 5306

9/10/12

Research Review 1

A. Kalman, D. S., Feldman, S., Krieger, D. R., & Bloomer, R. J. (2012). Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1).

B. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink on hydration status and physical performance in exercise-trained men.

C. Subjects had to be exercise-trained, meaning that they had been engaged in a physical activity program for the past 6 months and didn’t have difficult walking/running on a treadmill. 12 males were deemed eligible given the previously mentioned requirements and by completing a Physical Readiness Questionnaire. All subjects were told to maintain their exercise and nutritional regimens with the exception of not exercising 24 hours prior to testing sessions and fasting (nothing but water after midnight) prior to testing. Upon arrival to the lab on each of the four testing days, each subject was given a standardized breakfast and 470ml of water. Each testing session consisted of a dehydrating exercise test, a rehydration period, and a performance exercise test. The dehydrating test consisted of two, 30-minute bouts of walk/jogging on a treadmill with a 10-minute ret interval between the two. The bouts were broken down into 5 minute segments are 0% incline at speeds of 2,3,4,5,6 and 7 miles per hour (mph). After this test the following variables were tested for: body mass, plasma osmolality, urine specific gravity, subjective measures, heart rate, and blood pressure. These measurements were also collected pre-test to establish a baseline. Once the previous mentioned variables were collected the subject was given their assigned beverage in a single-blind design. Over the course of the four testing sessions each subject received each of the beverages, which were: supermarket brand bottled water, pure coconut water, coconut water from concentrate and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink. The amount of the beverage given was determined by the amount of body mass lost during the exercise test. Subjects were allowed 60 minutes to consume their beverage.

The performance test was conducted three hours after the dehydrating test and was performed on a treadmill. A 5-minute warm-up was performed at a self-selected speed at 0% incline, and then the speed went up to 4.2 mph and the grade increased every 3 minutes until volitional exhaustion. Total exercise time was recorded for this test. During the time between the two exercise tests subjects were asked every hour to rate their thirst, bloated-ness, refreshed, stomach upset, and tiredness on a 5-point analog scale.

D. No significant difference was found in total exercise time on the performance test, between the four beverages. The only difference noted among conditions to body mass were between the coconut water from concentrate and bottled water. Body mass was slight greater with the concentrated coconut water compared only to bottled water. This same difference was also found to be true in concern to fluid retention. All four beverages showed effects on the subjective measures taken with the analog scale.

This study was able to determine that coconut water (both natural and from concentrated) provide similar rehydration effects compared to carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drinks. Thus, all are good choices for rehydration, without one causing any more improvement in exercise performance than the other.

E. Some limitations of this study were the small sample size and the fact that only males were involved. The study might have shown different, or more varied results, if more subjects had been involved. Similarly, if the subjects had been both male and female then different results could have been observed. The dehydration exercise could have been performed differently to achieve more dehydration that was accomplished with this protocol as well.

F. Practical application of this study is that when dehydrated the body needs fluid period. Since little difference was found, if any, between the different beverages it supports that notion that water will suffice to accurately rehydrate someone. This is good information for coaches, trainers (personal and athletic), nutritionists, and physicians to know so that they can advise clients/athletes on the best hydration strategy for their needs.

Unanswered Questions:

•&νβσπ;Why were only males’ chosen?

•&νβσπ;Why was the sample size not larger?

•&νβσπ;Why was only plasma osmolality and urine specific gravity used as measures of dehydration? Why weren’t BUN/Cr levels looked at?

Attachment: File

Nut_ArticleReview1.pdf (235.195 KB)

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Thread:: Nutrition Challenges of a Marathon Runner with a Gastric Bypass
Post:: RE: Nutrition Challenges of a Marathon Runner with a Gastric Bypass
Author:: Amanda Salinas

Posted Date:: September 21, 2012 8:27 AM
Status:: Published

Interesting to hear that this subject had enough energy to compete in all these races. It seems like her diet and eating habits weren't too healthy. I wouldn't have expected her to be able to compete in a 10k much less a marathon and half marathon.

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Thread:: Body Composition and Strength Changes in Women with Milk and Resistance Exercise
Post:: RE: Body Composition and Strength Changes in Women with Milk and Resistance Exercise
Author:: Amanda Salinas

Posted Date:: September 21, 2012 8:21 AM
Status:: Published

Wow! What an awesome article to read. Makes me interested in this subject since its a cheaper way to attain lean mass. My only concern like yours would be if a lactose free alternative would work the same way. I am lactose intolerant so I cant indulge in a nice glass of cold milk after my workouts. This would be something nice to know though.

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Thread:: Prevlance of Eating Disorder Risk and Body Image Distortion among NCAA Div. I Varisty equestrian athletes
Post:: Prevlance of Eating Disorder Risk and Body Image Distortion among NCAA Div. I Varisty equestrian athletes
Author:: Amanda Salinas

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 1:49 PM
Status:: Published

Amanda M. Salinas

Advanced Nutrition KINE 5306

September 14, 2012

Research Review 1

A. Torres-McGhee, T.M., Monsma, E.V., Gay, J.L., Minton, D. M., Mady-Foster, A.N. (July/August 2011).Prevalence of eating disorder risk and body image distortion among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I varsity equestrian athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 46 (4). Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/results?sid=af459d7b-d7e4-4e1d-84d9e8d8f4538c8f%40sessionmgr10&vid=1&hid=3&bquery=prevalence+AND+%22of%22+AND+eating+AND+disorder+AND+risk&bdata=JmNsaTA9RlQxJmNsdjA9WSZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl

B. The purpose of the study to was to evaluate the prevalence of eating disorder risk and body image disturbances among aesthetic sport participants, specifically, female equestrian athletes in the NCAA Division I. Previous research focusing on the prevalence of eating disorder risk among aesthetic sports had been done however; female equestrian athletes were never accounted for. The objective of the study was to determine the overall prevalence for the total sample divided into academic status and the riding discipline, English or Western. The results from the athletes BMI and their perceived and desired SILs were also compared. Through the use of the BMI and SIL variations were compared for two groups of athletes, those classified as high risk for eating disorders and those not at risk for disordered eating.

C. For the study 7 out of the 18 NCAA Division I Varsity equestrian coaches gave permission for their riders to participate. Out of the 7 teams 211 equestrian riders were contacted to participate in the study but only 138 completed the study, resulting in a 39% team response rate and 65.4% relative response rate. The ages of the participants ranged from 18-25 years of age and out of the two disciplines of riding styles 91 participants were English riders and 47 participants were in the Western riding discipline. The equestrian athletes were further divided by academic class, 44 were freshman, 34 sophomores, 24 juniors, and 36 seniors.

The instrumentations that were used for this study were demographic and anthropometric dated collected through the use of questionnaires to obtain the basic personal and demographic information from the participants. This included academic status, equestrian riding discipline, years of riding, and required weight policies. The participants were also asked to self-report their height and weight. For the weight category it was broken up into current weight, lowest weight, and their ideal weight. The eating attitudes test (EAT-26) was also given to the participants in order to gauge their eating disorder characteristics and behaviors. Another survey was used to judge the participants body disturbances based on their perceived and desired body images.

D. On the self-reported questionnaire portion no differences were seen among the two riding disciplines. Out of the 138 participants of the study 58 were determined to be at risk for having disordered eating. The group of at risk participants were categorized based on behaviors the number was 41 participants, according to the EAT=26 subscales 6 and 11 participants were deemed at risk based on bother their behaviors and the EAT-26 subscales. Among all the female equestrian participants the prevalence of eating disorders was 42.0% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) based on the EAT-26 scores. Out of the total number of at risk participants 38.5% were English riders and 48.9% were Western riders. Based on these results those female equestrian riders that participate in the Western riding style are at the more risk for the prevalence of eating disorders than those in the English riding style. The prevalence of eating disorders among the participants academic classifications were as follows: 38.6 % (n=44) freshman, 38.2% (n=34) sophomores, 50.0% (n=24) juniors, and 44.4% (n=36) seniors.

The conclusion of this study determined that female athletes that participate in imaged based sports are at a higher risk for eating disorder behaviors. This might be due to the pressure they feel from the required sports attire, comments made by their coaches and possibly the judges. The English riding styles requires attire includes boots, tight pants, a shirt with a tie, and a jacket while the uniform of the Western riders wear tight fitting jeans, boots, chaps, and a very eye catching shirt that must be tucked into the jeans. For this reason it is believed that the Western style riders are at the most risk for eating disorder behaviors. The appearance they must give in this sport is a cause for greater body image disturbances ultimately resulting in associated eating disorders.

E. The research was a focused on a good topic. We don’t often read research conducted on the athletes in the equestrian sport. This study was very well thought out and planned accordingly. The use of a cross-sectional study was the best design to meet the needs of the researchers. Since this was a self-reporting study that actual number may very significantly from the current results. My main criticism is how this would accurately apply to the other female athletes in the NCAA Division I Varsity equestrian teams. The size of the sample group is too small to apply it to the sport group as a whole. The cause of this is the low number of approvals received from coaches allowing their students to participate. Out of 23 collegiate equestrian teams only 7 teams participated in this study. Also, the EAT-26 is only a screening tool not an actual diagnostic tool therefore the actual numbers regarding the prevalence of eating disorders risk and body image distortion cannot be determined. This study is a valid study but it is not reliable.

F. This study was done with good intentions on a very controversial sport. The body image of equestrian riders is always the topic of discussions at these types of sporting events. It is good to see the numbers, even if it is from a small sample size, of the prevalence of at risk athletes in this sport at the collegiate level. If the prevalence of at risk riders is high at the collegiate level I can’t even begin to fathom the prevalence of it at the professional level where there is money and prizes at stake.

Unanswered Questions

1. How does the prevalence of eating disorder risk and body image distortion results of female equestrian riders compare to prevalence in other aesthetic sports favoring a lean frame?

2. The participants were only asked questions with regards to how they see themselves and not asked any questions to determine if they had been criticized on their body image and appearance from their family, coaches, or peers. This would have been a good question to asses if these self-perceived images are of their own or come from the pressure of others.

Attachment: File

Research Review #1.docx (18.264 KB)

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Thread:: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Post:: RE: Eating Disorders in Collegiate Athletes
Author:: Morgan Seals

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 9:25 PM
Status:: Published

I really liked your review. As a former female collegiate athlete I can relate to body image issues during my eligibility years, though I was never to the point of an eating disorder. Almost every girl on my team were insecure about their bodies even though we needed our bodies the way they were for our sport. Very nice paper!

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Thread:: The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses
Post:: RE: The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses
Author:: Morgan Seals

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 9:17 PM
Status:: Published

I thought your review was very interesting and made me want to read the article myself. I also agree with you to add women in the study. Nice job!

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Thread:: Dehydration and rehydration in competitive sport.
Post:: Dehydration and rehydration in competitive sport.
Author:: Morgan Seals

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 4:42 PM
Status:: Published

Attachment: File

research paper 1.docx (15.016 KB)

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Thread:: Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Post:: RE: Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Author:: Trevor Stewart-Richlen

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 10:11 AM
Status:: Published

I agree with your question about the athletes already being in a glycogen depleted state before the study began. I believe that had the study been taken place when the athletes were in a normal glycogen rich state, there still would have been a drop off in performance as time progressed, bu0t it would have been at a much slower pace with the CHO supplementation.

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Thread:: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Post:: RE: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Author:: Trevor Stewart-Richlen

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 10:05 AM
Status:: Published

This study was pretty interesting using coconut water/concentrate as a form of re hydration. My main question for this study would be why they didn't measure blood glucose levels if they were comparing the coconut water to carbohydrate sports drink? I think that would have told more about the overall effectiveness of not only re hydration but replenishing glycogen stores.

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Thread:: CHO-Pro supplementation effects
Post:: CHO-Pro supplementation effects
Author:: Trevor Stewart-Richlen

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 9:57 AM
Status:: Published

Advanced Nutrition for Human Performance Research Review

Source:

Ivy, J.l, Goforth, H.W., Damon, B.M., McCauley, T.R., Parsons, E.C., Price, T.B. (2002). Journal of Applied Physiology: Early Postexercisemuscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplemet, 93:1337-1344.

Purpose of Study:

During moderate to high intensity exercise, muscle glycogen is greatly depleted. Once muscle glycogen stores have been depleted due to strenuous exercise the ability to perform or continue the exercise is greatly diminished. The purpose of this study was to test if a carbohydrate-protein supplement ingested after exercise would have an effect of replenishing the muscle glycogen stores and increase performance capacity.

Methods and Materials:

Seven trained male cyclists were used for this study. All subjects were subjected to VO_2max and maximal heart rate testing prior to the experiment. The study used natural abundance C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure muscle glycogen concentrations in the vastuslateralis. Along with this baseline reading a blood sample was taken from each of the subjects to obtain resting blood-glucose levels. The subjects gathered at the Yale University School of Medicine General Clinical Research Center at 6PM, approximately twelve hours before the exercise would begin. The subjects were given a mixed meal and monitored for the remaining hours preceding the experiment. After the meal the subjects were only allowed to drink water. 30 minutes before the test began; C-NMR and blood samples were again taken. The exercise protocol consisted of 2 hours of cycling at 65-75 percent of each subjects VO_2max. After the two hours each subject would cycle in a sprint for one minute equaling their VO_2max. The sprints were done until the subjects plasma gluscos level dropped below 3.89 mmol/l to ensure complete muscle glycogen depletion. Immediately after the exercise protocol blood and C-NMR tests were done. Ten minutes after exercise the subjects were given a CHO-Pro supplement. Blood and C-NMR samples were taken 20, 40, and 60 minutes after exercise. At 120 min into the recovery period a second dose of the CHO-Pro supplement was given to all subjects. This test would be repeated two more times approximately one month apart. The second test would be conducted giving the subjects a carbohydrate supplement with equal carbohydrate content, and during the third test the subjects would be given a supplement with equal caloric content. The methods and application of the study remained consistent throughout all three tests.

Summary of results and conclusion:

The study yielded no significant differences in muscle glycogen immediately before or after exercise with the three treatments. However the CHO-Pro supplement yielded greater results in muscle glycogen replenishment at four hours into the recovery period than did the other two supplements. This is due to the fact that the CHO-Pro supplement had greater glycogen replenishment during the first forty minutes into recovery and had a higher sustained rate of glycogen storage during the final hours of recovery. The total muscle glycogen recovered in the first forty minutes of recovery was 22% for the CHO-Pro, 11.5% for the carbohydrate equal, and 5.5% for the caloric equal supplement. This pattern continued past the two hour recovery mark and into the full four hour recovery. At the end of the four hour recovery mark the total muscle glycogen recovered by the CHO-Pro was 46.8%, 31.1% with the carbohydrate equal and 28.0% with the caloric equal.

In the end, the CHO-Pro supplement yielded greater results in regard to recovering muscle glycogen lost due to vigorous exercise. The other two supplements, carbohydrate equal and caloric equal, yielded about the same results showing that ingesting a CHO-Pro supplement immediately after exercise could be beneficial to not only replenish depleted muscle glycogen store but to increase exercise capacity.

Critique of the Study:

The study was conducted under constant supervision and strict constraints. Each part of the study was replicated exactly as the trial before with the only variable being the supplement. I thought the study was effective in showing the importance and effectiveness of not only supplementing carbohydrates post exercise, but protein as well.

Practical Application(s) of the Study:

This study presented strong evidence toward the argument of the need of a post workout supplement containing adequate amounts of both carbohydrates and protein. Both carbohydrates and proteins are integral in regulating blood glucose levels, as well as aiding in tissue recovery (protein). Using the results found in this study it would be beneficial for athletes and active populations to consume adequate amounts of carbohydrates and protein immediately after vigours exercise to optimize muscle glycogen recovery and exercise performance.

Attachment: File

J Appl Physiol-2002-Ivy-1337-44.pdf (194.712 KB)

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Thread:: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Post:: RE: Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runner's Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Author:: Michael Terencio

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 7:08 PM
Status:: Published

This seemed to be a great study, and you made some great points in the study's strengths and weaknesses. I wonder if perhaps this study could be combined with a strict carb-loading procedure to evaluate which part (carbs or dehydration) would play a bigger role in the participants' increase in or lack of performance.

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Thread:: The effects of Creatine monohydrate Loading on Anaerobic Performance and 1RM Strength
Post:: RE: The effects of Creatine monohydrate Loading on Anaerobic Performance and 1RM Strength
Author:: Michael Terencio

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 7:04 PM
Status:: Published

This study seemed very interesting. I wonder if using 40g of creatine monohydrate as opposed to 20g would make a difference in the results, and if so, how much?

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Thread:: Research Review 1: The Effects of Ramadan and Aerobic Training Combined
Post:: Research Review 1: The Effects of Ramadan and Aerobic Training Combined
Author:: Michael Terencio

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 6:49 PM
Status:: Published

Michael Terencio

KINE 5306 – Advanced Nutrition for Human Performance

Dr. James Dawes

Wednesday, September 12, 2012

Research Review #1:

Trabelsi, Khaled, Kais el Abed, Stannard, Stephen R., Jammoussi, Kamel, Zeghal, Khaled M., and Hakim, Ahmed. (2012). Effects of Fed- Versus Fasted- Aerobic Training During Ramadan on Body Composition and Some Metabolic Parameters in Physically Active Men. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2012, 22, 11-18.

Purpose of Study

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of aerobic training paired with Ramadan fasting and its effects on body composition and metabolic parameters of physically active men. Another aim was to ascertain whether there are differences between the effects of aerobic training during the day (in a fasted state) and aerobic training at night (in a fed state) regarding body composition and selected metabolic parameters.

Methods and Materials

Nineteen active men were chosen to participate and were randomly allocated into two groups (9 subjects in the FED state and 10 subjects in the FAST state). All individuals were similar in weekly activity. Each subject performed at least 3 training sessions per week. Each session lasted 40-60 minutes and consisted of either cycling, running, or rowing on a cycle ergometer equipped with a heart-rate monitor. All participants kept record of their workouts, and for lab sessions, the same time was taken for each lab day, respective to each group. Each group performed each lab test day with the same duration. Participant observations were used for this study. Several areas of interest (body weight and composition, urine specific gravity, serum biochemistry) were sought out and analyzed.

Quantitative data was strictly statistical. All statistics were performed via Statistica Software (a well-accepted program originating from France). A 4 (periods) x 2 (FED or FAST) repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied. FAST and FED differences were analyzed via t test. Statistical significance was set at p < .05, and all data were expressed as M ± SD.

Summary of Results/Conclusion

For body weight and composition reasons, lean body mass between FED and FAST did not change for either group during this study’s duration and there were no significant differences in lean body mass between the groups at any time period. Body fat percentage (BF%) in the FAST group dropped from pre-Ramadan (4 days before the fast) to end-Ramadan (30 days after beginning the fast) by 6.2%, and BF% in the FED group remained unchanged. With this said, this investigation showed that the FAST group (the 10 subjects that trained during their 15-hour daily fasting period) lowered both body weight and body fat, whereas the FED group (the 9 subjects that trained in a fed state after their 15-hour daily fasting period) lowered only their body weight.

In conclusion, Ramadan fasting paired with aerobic exercise bouts of 40-60 continuous minutes performed three or more days a week can effectively reduce body weight and body fat, and also help improve lipid profiles. As a safety measure, (concluded from the increases in renal function markers) those combining Ramadan with aerobic exercise should drink plenty of fluids during the nighttime to compensate for dehydration during daylight hours.

Critique of the Study

All reported results were unbiased and strictly based on the outcome of the study. There is no evidence to show unsupported findings by this study. Performance and biochemistry samples were all analyzed and later used to provide useful and accurate statistics. Knowing that (for some areas of this study) similar studies such as this have had the same outcome as this study did, it seems this study’s results make clear sense. The authors’ interpretation of their provided data appeared to reflect the overall situation and results in a reasonable way. All mechanisms seemed to have an explanation and all the data fully supported the authors’ discussion. Overall, I like this investigation and look forward to learning from more studies like this.

Practical Applications of the Study

As a personal trainer, I can see myself trying the FAST methods used here combined with resistance training on myself to see how it would affect my body composition during a 4 week trial.

Attachment: File

Effects of Fed- versus Fasted-State Aerobic Training.pdf (136.385 KB)

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Thread:: Use of Nutritional Supplementation Among University Recreation Users
Post:: Use of Nutritional Supplementation Among University Recreation Users
Author:: Elizabeth Trevino

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 8:22 PM
Status:: Published

A. Jackson, J., Lyons, T. S., Roberts, J. L.,Geary, C., and Williams, J. (2010). Use of nutritional supplementation amonguniversity recreation users. RecreationalSports Journal. 43: 2-8.

B. B. The focus of this research study was to examinethe usage of nutritional supplementation among college recreation center users,determine how they were obtaining information pertaining to supplementationuse, and what types of supplementation they were using.

C. C. This study consisted of 200 university students(n=200), 84 female and 116 male. The students were randomly selected as theyentered the student recreation center as to avoid sampling from homogeneousgroups (i.e. weight room users, group fitness users, etc).

D. D. Ofthe 200 sampled, 28.6% of females and 77% of males reported to actively takingsome type of dietary supplement with the goal of either improving physiqueand/or performance. The average monthly expenditure on dietary supplements wasover $50 for almost one out of every five participants. Both males and femalesreported to obtaining information regarding dietary supplementation from theinternet. Similarly, another 24.5% of males and 27.4% of females considered theadvice of a fitness instructor when considering using supplements. Of theSupplements reported, 57 males reported to using Creatine (1 female), 12 malesreported using Prohormones (0 females), 66 males reported using Protein (4females), 69 males reported using vitamins/minerals (29 females), and 19 malesreported using diet/energy supplements (15 females).

E. E. As with any qualitative research article, aweakness of using questionnaires as data is the reliability of the datacollected. There may have been reluctance of subjects to tell the truth and/orself-report bias. Another weakness is the difficulty in establishing externalvalidity.

F. F. This study highlights the need for furtherresearch to be done using recreational populations and the use of nutritionalsupplementation; this population is often the target market for many supplementcompanies. The results of the study clearly indicate that a large population ofrecreational athletes research their information about supplementation over theinternet – a source that can often times be unreliable. Since there is indeed aprevalence of students consuming supplements, there also needs to beeducational awareness about supplementation and the dangers associated withconsumption of such.

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Thread:: The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses
Post:: RE: The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Sprint Performance and Selected Hormonal Responses
Author:: Justin Turner

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 8:51 PM
Status:: Published

I would really like to see this study done on professional athletes and not amateurs. I also agree with you that the study should have included females, it would have been nice to see if they too increased in the 100-m run.

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Thread:: The effect of a carbohydrate–caffeine sports drink on simulated golf performance
Post:: The effect of a carbohydrate–caffeine sports drink on simulated golf performance
Author:: Justin Turner

Posted Date:: September 14, 2012 8:49 PM
Status:: Published

Research Review Assignment #1

A. Stevenson, E., Hayes, P., & Allison, S. (2009). The effect of a carbohydrate–caffeine sports drink on simulated golf performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism, 34(1), 681-688.

B. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a caffeine–c arbohydrate sports drink on putting performance during a laboratory- based round of golf. Due to the high cognitive demand of putting and the potential for fatigue from excessive walking, a drink combining caffeine and carbohydrates may offset hypoglycemia and hypohydration.

C. This study took 20 male golfers aged 19-27, and had at least 4-6 years experience playing the game. Furthermore, all participants were habitual caffeine users consuming 157 to 47 mg a day. The study was a double blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. After screening, two random experimental trials were given; participants received either a carbohydrate-electrolyte formulation containing caffeine or a non-caffeine flavor-matching placebo. In order to record caffeine levels, saliva samples were obtained using salivettes. Also to determine hydration status, pretrial and post-trial urine samples were measure for osmolality using a cryoscopic osmometer. The protocol consisted of simulated walking, active recovery and shot making. Moreover, subjects walked on a treadmill at a constant speed for each hole without carrying their clubs. After teeing off on a synthetic grass mat using their own drivers, and then walking on the treadmill, players dismounted the treadmill to play a lofted 7-iron shot. Upon completion, subjects returned to the treadmill until it was time to putt. Putting was recorded from 5 meters and 2 meters on a in door putting green. Further, individuals were measured for pulmonary gas exchange on a breath-by-breath analysis during the uphill-flat section of each hold. Energy Expenditure (EE) was measured from oxygen consumption and Respiratory exchange ration (RER) values using thermal energy equivalents of (Pe ́ronnet and Massicotte 1991). Blood glucose concentration was obtained by capillary earlobe samples pre and post exercise and after the 6^th and 12^th hole. In addition, Heart Rate (HR) was monitored using a short-range telemeter. To track steps taken during the simulation, a pedometry was used.

In order to assess cognitive assessments, sustained attention and mood assessment were measured. First sustained attention was assed by rapid visual information processing (RVIP) at holes 6, 12 and 18. On the other hand, a series of visual analogue scales used in previous caffeine researches were used to assess mood at holes 6, 12 and 18. In order to determine their mood, subjects had to draw a vertical mark on a 100mm line with end points labeled not at all and extremely.

D. Caffeine concentrations in saliva for 18 participants confirmed overnight caffeine abstinence and total body water were not different under the group that received a carb drink and those who did not. However, in the 2m putts, the group receiving the CAF+CHO drink had a significantly higher percentage of putts made than the placebo group. In addition, the CAF+CHO group also showed a significant difference in putts made in the 5 m range when compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, players drinking the CAF+CHO reported feeling more alert during the 18-hole simulation when it came to mood assessment. Additionally, there was no significant difference between the groups for EE, RER, blood glucose levels, and post round urine osmolality.

E. I found the study to be very interesting. As an amateur and avid golf player, I personally look for anything that can improve my game. Although caffeine and sports performance is a popular topic with bigger sports, I have yet to see a study use it for concentration in a sport such as golf. However, I wish the subjects would have walked on the treadmills with their bags. I believe this would have made the test more reliable, seeing as the participants were not pro’s and most likely carried their own bags.

F. The findings in this study suggest that using a carbohydrate/caffeine drink not only helps players focus more throughout an 18 hole game of golf, which may result in more putts made, every golfers dream.

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Thread:: Bananas vs. Gatorade in carbohydrate supplementation for endurance athletes
Post:: RE: Bananas vs. Gatorade in carbohydrate supplementation for endurance athletes
Author:: Tyler Vernon

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 10:46 PM
Status:: Published

Although my knowledge of dopamine (probably spelled that wrong) right now is limited to a wiki search, it seems that if a banana elevated the levels of a hormone that causes happiness it would certainly provide benefits in a post-athletic event; if nothing else from a psychological perspective.

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Thread:: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Post:: RE: Effect of Protein-Supplement Timing on Strength, Power, and Body-Composition Changes in Resistance-Trained Men
Author:: Tyler Vernon

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 10:41 PM
Status:: Published

It seems like the result of this study is counter to what some of the other readings have suggested, that being that the timing really is crucial when looking for optimal benefits.

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Thread:: Protein needs for athletes
Post:: Protein needs for athletes
Author:: Tyler Vernon

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 10:35 PM
Status:: Published

I couldn't copy and paste the full paper so sorry for the inconvenience of downloading and opening the attached file.

Attachment: File

Research Review, Protein Needs for Athletes.doc (29 KB)

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Thread:: Bananas vs. Gatorade in carbohydrate supplementation for endurance athletes
Post:: RE: Bananas vs. Gatorade in carbohydrate supplementation for endurance athletes
Author:: Elizabeth Walker; Attachment: Article review 1 on Bananas.docx (18.712 KB)

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Thread:: Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Post:: RE: Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance
Author:: Elizabeth Walker; Marcello, this is very cool, but I am going to agree with you in game-like scenarios this is not very relative. I dont know of any soccer players that get to have rehydrating supplements every 15 minutes during a game, and carbohydrate fasting before a game is never an ideal goal.

I think your critique is spot on.

-Elizabeth Walker

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Thread:: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Post:: RE: Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men
Author:: Elizabeth Walker; This is interesting but it makes me wonder if any fruit drink will give the same effects as a sports drink. I wonder why the author chose coconut water. Where did you find this?

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Thread:: Bananas vs. Gatorade in carbohydrate supplementation for endurance athletes
Post:: Bananas vs. Gatorade in carbohydrate supplementation for endurance athletes
Author:: Elizabeth Walker; This study compared the acute effect of ingesting bananas (BAN) versus a 6% carbohydrate drink (CHO) on 75-km cycling performance and post-exercise inflammation, oxidative stress, and innate immune function using traditional and metabolomics-based profiling. Trained cyclists completed two 75-km cycling time trials (randomized, crossover) while ingesting BAN or CHO (0.2 g/kg carbohydrate every 15 min). Pre-, post-, and 1-h-post-exercise blood samples were analyzed for glucose, granulocyte (GR) and monocyte (MO) phagocytosis (PHAG) and oxidative burst activity, nine cytokines, F₂-isoprostanes, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and metabolic profiles using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Blood glucose levels and performance did not differ between BAN and CHO. F₂-isoprostanes, FRAP, IL-10, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, GR-PHAG, and MO-PHAG increased with exercise, with no trial differences except for higher levels during BAN for IL-10, IL-8, and FRAP (interaction effects, P=0.003, 0.004, and 0.012). Of 103 metabolites detected, 56 had exercise time effects, and only one (dopamine) had a pattern of change that differed between BAN and CHO. Plots from the PLS-DA model visualized a distinct separation in global metabolic scores between time points [R²Y(cum)=0.869, Q²(cum)=0.766]. Of the top 15 metabolites, five were related to liver glutathione production, eight to carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, and two were tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. BAN and CHO ingestion during 75-km cycling resulted in similar performance, blood glucose, inflammation, oxidative stress, and innate immune levels. Aside from higher dopamine in BAN, shifts in metabolites following BAN and CHO 75-km cycling time trials indicated a similar pattern of heightened production of glutathione and utilization of fuel substrates in several pathways.

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Research and Rants on Performance

Friday, October 11, 2013

Sports Nutrition Research Reviews

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