Research and Rants on Performance: Sports Nutrition Research Reviews

Thread:: Changing Perceptions of Hunger on a High Nutrient Density Diet
Post:: Changing Perceptions of Hunger on a High Nutrient Density Diet
Author:: Elizabeth Walker; The preface behind this study was to determine why people overeat. Hunger plays a vital role in signaling pathways leading to food consumption, and more calories than they actually require. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fluctuations in experience and perception of hunger before and after subjects shifted from their previous usual diet to a high nutrient density diet. It has been recognized that a diet low in antioxidant and micronutrients leads to intensified oxidative stress as well as a build-up of toxic metabolites. It has also been recorded that an increased intake of nutrient rich plant foods decreases measurable inflammatory by-products. The researchers in this article hypothesized that a diet containing an abundance of processed foods low in micronutrient-rich plant foods can create physical symptoms of withdrawal when digestion ceases in between meals.

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Thread:: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Post:: RE: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Author:: Tyler Vernon

Posted Date:: October 23, 2012 12:08 AM
Status:: Published

Your insight on the relevance of soccer studies is probably second to none. It's sort of refreshing to hear a once pro athlete critiquing the 'science' industry as being off base or irrelevant to the actual sport. Some PhD's should probably read that part of your review.

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Thread:: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Post:: RE: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Author:: Tyler Vernon

Posted Date:: October 23, 2012 12:05 AM
Status:: Published

As was said in some of your other replies, gluten is such a hot topic in the 'health' industry these days, and it seems in the medical setting people are being diagnosed with gluten sensitivities everyday as a simple fix. I even know one FNP that suggests that 70% of Americans probably have some sort of gluten intolerance and could benefit from the 'no gluten' diet. Interesting read.

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Thread:: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Post:: RE: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Author:: Tyler Vernon

Posted Date:: October 23, 2012 12:01 AM
Status:: Published

Your critique was well thought out and superbly written. Great writing!

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Thread:: The Paleo diet and 20 healthy subjects.
Post:: The Paleo diet and 20 healthy subjects.
Author:: Tyler Vernon

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 3:29 PM
Status:: Published

Osterdahl, M., Kocturk, T., Koochek, A., and Wandell, PE,. “Effects of a short-term intervention with a paleolithic diet in healthy volunteers.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition(2008) 62, 682-685.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the Paleolithic diet on anthropometric and metabolic parameters.

Their methods were to have 20 individuals, 10 women and 10 men ages 20-40 years old, complete a three week intervention. During that time they were provided with rough meal plans of what they could and couldn’t eat, how to prepare their foods, and a computer logging system by which the researchers could monitor their participants adherence. The subjects were tested for their anthropometric and metabolic measurements’ prior to the experiment, after seven days during the test, and again after the experiment was complete. Statistics were gathered afterward, but were admittedly flawed for reasons forthcoming.

During the test, the BMI of all subjects decreased as well as the mean waist circumference, and a lowered static blood pressure. However, the weight drop should be explained by the average 36% drop energy intake as well as a 23% drop in fat intake. Sodium and calcium intake dropped significantly as well, 62% and 53% respectively. However, cholesterol intake rose 68%, as did vitamin B6 (76%), vitamin C (200%), and vitamin E (69%) respectively.

The conclusion is that the diet has several favorable outcomes, body composition and blood pressure among them. However, this research was completely inconclusive because only 14 people managed to complete the study, and of which, only 6 people produced any data; thus the study is grossly underpowered.

It is my opinion of this study that it was far too small from the start. Had these researchers planned for the inevitability of subject casualties, they perhaps could have produced a worth-while study. It is possible that the information that came out of this though is still usable, certainly from a health perspective several major positive can be withdrawn, cardiac reasons principle among them. Thus I say that it is my opinion that with a substantially larger population group this study should be redone and the conclusions and practical applications taken to their full potential.

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Thread:: Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body Composition and Behavior among Dancers
Post:: RE: Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body Composition and Behavior among Dancers
Author:: Justin Turner

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 4:38 PM
Status:: Published

The article I did was quite similar to this one. Im not surprised to see that dancers had a high risk of eating disorders. They are under a lot of scrutiny to look good while performing. I see it first hand as im the strength coach for the dancers at our university.

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Thread:: Female Collegiate Athletes: Prevalence of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Behaviors
Post:: Female Collegiate Athletes: Prevalence of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Behaviors
Author:: Justin Turner

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 4:35 PM
Status:: Published

Female Collegiate Athletes: Prevalence of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Behaviors

A. Greenleaf, C., Petrie, T., Carter, J., & Reel, J. (2009). Female collegiate athletes: Prevalence of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 489-495.

B. This article had two purposes, first was to determine the prevalence of clinical and subclinical levels of eating disorders as well as healthy/asymptomatic eating among female college athletes using measures with established psychometric properties. Second the article looked to examine the prevalence of pathogenic eating and weight control behaviors, such as binge eating, excessive exercise, fasting, vomiting, and use of diuretics and laxatives among female college athletes.

C. 204 female NCAA Division 1 college athletes from 3 universities were selected for the study. Subjects were classified on height weight and ethnicity. Additionally athletes had been participating in their sport for an average of 10.88 years and 2.10 for their university team. Sports ranged from gymnastics, swimming, tennis, basketball, golf, cross-country, volleyball, track and field, and cheerleading. Participants also reported their weight satisfaction (underweight or overweight) levels, changes in weigh with in season and out of season, scholarship status, starter status, and if they had a previous diagnosis or treatment of an eating disorder. Moreover, a 50-item Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnosis (QEDD) was used to measure eating disorder symptoms on the basis of DSM-IV criteria. Subjects were then classified as asymptomatic, symptomatic, or eating disorder. Also, a 36-item Bulimia Test Revised (BULIT-R) was used to assess bulimic symptoms on DSM-IV criteria. 9 items were used to determine athletes’ laxatives, diuretics, vomiting, dieting or fasting, and exercise to control their weight, as well as the extent to which they considered them selves binge eaters, engages in binge eating, and engaged in compensatory behaviors after bing eating.

D. The authors of the article concluded that 4 out of the 204 girls had eating disorders, while 52 were symptomatic, and 148 asymptomatic. Additionally, 54.4% reported being dissatisfied with their current weight, and 88.2% of these women believed they were overweight and wanted to lose weight. However, few participants engaged in binge eating, and used exercise as opposed to vomiting, dieting, laxatives, or diuretics to control their weight.

E. As a GA strength and conditioning coach, I deal with many female athletes attempting to improve their game as well as their physical appearance. The pressure to look and perform well is a very concerning issue and one that must be monitored. I found this article very interesting and was surprised to see such a low number in girls who were labeled “eating disordered”. Although some sports may require additional weight and height, in my experience women have been very sensitive about their weight. I would like to see another study done with strictly cheerleaders and dancers.

F. Females and eating disorders/behaviors is quite a delicate topic and one that needs to be seriously monitored. With this in mind, coaches as well as strength and conditioning coaches need to be aware of how they approach weight topics to ensure that they do not contribute to an athlete’s mindset on disordered eating. Furthermore, signs and symptoms should not go unnoticed.

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Thread:: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Post:: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Author:: Elizabeth Trevino

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 9:45 PM
Status:: Published

Keihanian, S., Burke, K., & Levey, J. (2010). Sports Dietary Supplements: Overview and Effect on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete. AMAA Journal, 23(3), 10-12.

The purpose of this article is to explore the accessibility to and the use of sports dietary supplements (SDS). Also, the authors list the characteristics of celiac disease and explain the effectiveness of a gluten-free diet while listing options for dietary supplementation in gluten sensitive athletes. Celiac disease, a gluten-sensitive enteropathy (disease of the intestine), is a disorder that is preventable through diet modification. Essentially, gluten cannot be fully broken down by enzymes in the body, this is true even in people who aren't gluten sensitive. Many athletes that are not sensitive to gluten have taken to gluten free diets crediting this dietary change to ‘boosting’ their energy. The thought behind this transition to gluten free dieting is strictly to gain a competitive edge – blood that is needed in the extremities and in the brain gets diverted to the stomach in order to assist in the digestion of gluten, consequently diminishing the supply of blood needed for energy and performance.

The method of research conducted for this study was done primarily through survey. It was found that through adherence to a strict gluten-free diet, symptoms of Celiac disease and vitamin deficiencies may be eliminated, thus allowing the athlete to perform at their best. However, this requires that the athlete consume gluten-free foods, foods which contain sufficient carbohydrate sources to match their energy expenditure needs. Since the primary focus of this article was dietary challenges for athletes with Celiac disease, the authors focus on sports dietary supplements as a source for preventing glycogen depletion. This study concluded that Celiac disease patients have a wide variety of choices among gluten-free SDS. It is interesting to note, however, that 61.56% of SDS available in the U.S. market are gluten-free. Since most of the product ingredients had to be found out by directly by contacting the manufactures, it was noted that SDS labeled as gluten-free were in fact at risk for gluten contamination from external sources.

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Thread:: Dietary vitamin C versus supplementation in relation to atherosclerosis.
Post:: Dietary vitamin C versus supplementation in relation to atherosclerosis.
Author:: Michael Terencio

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 4:28 PM
Status:: Published

Michael Terencio

KINE 5306 – Advanced Nutrition for Human Performance

Dr. James Dawes

Friday, October 05, 2012

Research Review #2:

Agarwal1 Megha, Mehta, Puja K., Dwyer, James H., Dwyer, Kathleen M., Shircore, Anne M.,

Nordstrom, Cheryl K., Sun, Ping, Paul-Labrador, Maura, Yang Yuching, Bairey Merz, C. Noel. (2012).

Differing Relations to Early Atherosclerosis between Vitamin C from Supplements vs. Food in the Los

Angeles Atherosclerosis Study: A Prospective Cohort Study. The Open Cardiovascular Medicine

Journal, 2012, 6, 113-121.

Purpose of Study

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of vitamin C and its role on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, specifically with carotid artery intimal medial thickness (IMT) because of its correlation to pre-clinical atherosclerosis and CVD risk. Vitamin C was taken either through supplementation or food, and the effects these methods had on atherosclerosis progression were examined.

Methods and Materials

573 healthy men and women ranging from 40-60 years of age were randomly selected from one company. All employees with CVD or in current cancer treatment were excluded. All subjects gave written informed consent prior to participation and the Institutional Review Boards at Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California along with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center approved the study.

This study was investigated over a 3 year term and consisted of one baseline examination along with two follow-up examinations. Baseline dietary vitamin C intake was taken with three measurements (two weekdays and one weekend or holiday). The first follow-up examination (1.5 years later) as well as the final follow-up (3 years after baseline) also took 3 measurements. The first measurement type measured vitamin intake performed via nurse-assisted questionnaire. This questionnaire included frequency and mode of supplemental vitamin C, and if participants were combining vitamin C with multivitamins. Weekly tablet dosage (multivitamin quartiles), and daily vitamin C from food quintiles were also recorded. The second measurement was plasma ascorbic acid (AA) determined through chromatographic analysis of ascorbic acid in blood components. Sample storage time averaged 1.2 years and no decline in concentration was observed during storage. The third measurement was that of the IMT in the common carotid artery. The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study (LAAS) protocol with high resolution B-mode ultrasonographic IMT measurement was utilized.

Other measurement types were also used. All examinations were performed in the morning after an overnight fast, within the mobile unit driven to the worksite. An interviewer-assisted questionnaire collected data on ethnicity, cigarette habit, alcohol intake, physical activity, medical history, and medication usage.

Quantitative data was strictly statistical. Plasma ascorbic acid samples were performed by a laboratory which participated in the Ascorbic Acid Quality Assurance Program run by the National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Standards and Technology, whereas CV = 6.9 % from daily plasma pools. Average IMT thickness was measured using automated edge-tracking software. Statistical significance was set at p<0.5 and all data were expressed as M ± SD.

Summary of Results/Conclusion

For vitamin C intake, males showed higher numbers through food intake, possibly because of higher food intake with men over women. Smokers showed to take in less vitamin C through food than non-smokers. Supplemental vitamin C intake showed moderate positive correlation but not enough to reach statistical significance (p=0.21).

Participants which supplemented vitamin C through low-dose multi-vitamins showed increases in the carotid IMT of 20.3±2.6 versus 7.6±1.8 for those who didn’t consume any vitamin C supplementation. Those who took in vitamin C from food only, showed no linear trends across dietary intake quintiles, but carotid IMT progression was reduced in those in the highest quintile of dietary vitamin C intake.

In conclusion, this study’s proof of vitamin C supplementation and its adverse association with accelerated atherosclerosis has been consistent with other primary and secondary prevention studies which failed to show benefit of vitamin C supplementation when used alone or as part of an anti-oxidant cocktail. This finding came with direct opposition with vitamin C intake through food, which showed to have a protective association to atherosclerosis. These results give room for the need of understanding all (if any) potential mechanistic factors which may play a role within the body. Finally, vitamin C supplementation doesn’t appear to be advisable for atherosclerosis prevention or treatment.

Critique of the Study

All the results seemed unbiased and strictly based on the quantitative data of the study and other concurrent studies. There didn’t seem to have any evidence of unsupported findings throughout this investigation. The authors’ interpretation of their quantifiable data appeared to reflect the overall situation and results in a reasonable way. All data fully supported the authors’ discussion. Overall, I liked this investigation and all the information it included within it. I look forward to learning from more studies similar to this.

Practical Applications of the Study

As a personal trainer, I can’t see myself using this information for any reason other than answering people’s questions on how much of a role does vitamin C supplementation and dietary vitamin C play for a client that has a family history of CVD and has had or currently has some form of CVD.

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Thread:: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Post:: RE: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Author:: Trevor Stewart-Richlen

Posted Date:: October 10, 2012 8:12 PM
Status:: Published

I'd also like to see this study be more specific with the supplementation. Such as, having one group use BCAA's, and another use creatine so the results could show which one of the additives had the greater effect.

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Thread:: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Post:: RE: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Author:: Trevor Stewart-Richlen

Posted Date:: October 2, 2012 1:46 PM
Status:: Published

This was a very interesting study due to the fact that I've grown up playing soccer and have supplemented creatine. The main thing to remember about creatine is while you are taking it you have to drink a lot of water with it or it could dehydrate you. I wonder if there would be negative effects during the later part of a soccer game due to fatigue and dehydration.

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Thread:: L-arginine supplementation
Post:: L-arginine supplementation
Author:: Trevor Stewart-Richlen

Posted Date:: September 21, 2012 3:47 PM
Status:: Published

Advanced Nutrition for Human Performance Research Review II

Source:

Effects of 7 Days of Arginine-Alpha-Ketoglutarate Supplementation on Blood Flow, Plasma L-Arginine, Nitric Oxide Metabolites, and Asymmetric Dimethyl Arginine After Resistance Exercise. (2011). International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 21(4), 291-299.

Purpose of Study:

Nitric oxide in known to affect vascular tone and is said to play a role in the vasodilatation of muscle resistance blood vessels after exercise. Nitric oxide is naturally produced in the body by L-arginine through the utilization of endothelia nitric oxide synthase. L-arginine supplementation has been shown to improve and increase localized blood flow and is said to affect the release of nitric oxide. This information has lead the supplementation industry to manufacture supplements containing L-arginine and other compounds. The main compound found in these arginine supplements is arginine-alpha-ketoglutarate, or AAKG. These supplements containing AAKG are said to enhance the L-arginine-nitric-oxide pathway stimulating vasodilatation and thus blood flow to the working muscles. These claims by the supplement industry about the effects of AAKG on muscular strength are the basis for this research study. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of AAKG supplementation after 7 days using NO₂ Platinum on resting and exercise induced hemodynamics. The variables being tested through hemodynamics were, heart rate, blood pressure, mean arterial blood flow (MAP), arterial blood flow, circulating levels of nitric oxide metabolites, ADMA, and L-arginine:ADMA ratio.

Methods and Materials:

The study started with twenty-four healthy adult males ranging from 18-25 years of age. These individuals underwent a health and drug screening and once selected were instructed not to take any supplement or aid for one month preceding the study. These twenty-four male subjects also had to have been previously active in a regular resistance training regime. S baseline muscle strength testing for the subjects occurred 72 hours before the study began. Each individual performed a 1RM on the preacher curl machine used in both test sessions. After the 1RM test the subjects gave blood samples collected from the anticubital vein. Three more blood samples would be taken at testing session 1 (T1) and testing session 2 (T2) for a total of six blood samples per subject. The samples taken for the two testing sessions were taken immediately before exercise (after an eight hour fast prior to the test session), immediately after exercise and thirty minutes immediately after exercise. The dosage of the supplements were carried out in a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Subjects were randomly assigned either a supplement containing AAKG (NO₂Platinum), or a placebo. The supplementation called for the subjects to ingest 12 tablets containing 1g of each substance daily. The exercise protocol took place at the same time of the day for both T1 and T2. Each session involved the preacher curl exercise on a weight machine. Participants performed three sets of fifteen repetitions using, typically, 70-75% of their previously recorded 1RM. Rest periods between sets did not exceed 10 s.

Summary of Results and Conclusion:

The results from the blood samples taken immediately after exercise and thirty minutes after the cessation of exercise yielded no significant differences between the AAKG and the placebo in either trail. This result shows that supplementation of an L-arginine compound, in this study, does not directly increase vasodilatation and therefore increased blood flow to the working muscle. However, it should be noted that the level of L-arginine in the blood plasma was greatly increased with the ingestion of the NO₂ Platinum. This is to be expected though, ingesting more of an L-arginine containing compound should logically yield more available arginine in the blood.

Critique of the Study:

I thought the study was extremely well put together in all areas except one. The supplementation timing seemed to be good, the variables being tested were thorough and would convey a vast amount of information for the subject being tested. The main problem I saw with the study was the exercise protocol for the study. All the participants had to do was perform one exercise 15 reps for 3 sets. That's not very taxing on the muscles, nor does it address any aerobic or anaerobic needs. I feel that if the participants had undergone a full resistance training regime during the T1 and T2 then more information would be available about the true effectiveness or ineffectiveness of L-arginine supplementation.

Practical Application (s) of the Study:

The best application for this study is to use the information found by it to engineer a more thorough and effective study. This should be used as a platform to further the research of this amino acid for supplementation.

Questions regarding the study:

Why was there only on exercise used?

Why was the preacher curl the exercise that was selected?

Could the utilization of a prolonged resistance workout yield different results?

Attachment: File

arginine supp.pdf (217.852 KB)

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Thread:: Fluid Needs for Training and Compeition in Athletes
Post:: RE: Fluid Needs for Training and Compeition in Athletes
Author:: Morgan Seals

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 5:33 PM
Status:: Published

Very nice job. I like how they use track and field but I am curious how the results would have been if they used other activities like basketball or weight lifting. Useful information.

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Thread:: Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body Composition and Behavior among Dancers
Post:: RE: Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body Composition and Behavior among Dancers
Author:: Morgan Seals

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 5:29 PM
Status:: Published

Really interesting topic using dancers. I agree with you, I would have liked to have seen 50 dancers and 50 lean people. Just curious if the lean people were athletes or just normal people. Nice job!

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Thread:: Athletes and Eating Disorders: The National Collegiate Athletic Association.
Post:: Athletes and Eating Disorders: The National Collegiate Athletic Association.
Author:: Morgan Seals

Posted Date:: October 4, 2012 4:58 PM
Status:: Published

Attachment: File

research paper 2.docx (18.149 KB)

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Thread:: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact
Post:: RE: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact
Author:: Amanda Salinas

Posted Date:: October 11, 2012 6:34 PM
Status:: Published

Great topic!!! I agree as well that the number of participants should've been larger and that more experienced runners should've been used. Its always interesting reading these types of studies especially because I am addicted to energy drink and I know plenty of people that rely on pre-workouts to assist them. Great job!

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Thread:: Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Supplementation on Endurance Performance
Post:: RE: Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Supplementation on Endurance Performance
Author:: Amanda Salinas

Posted Date:: October 11, 2012 6:30 PM
Status:: Published

Good topic and I agree it seems it was a large sample and there would've been way too much data to accurately process. Good job though! =)

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Thread:: Dose response effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on muscle performance
Post:: Dose response effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on muscle performance
Author:: Amanda Salinas

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 6:40 PM
Status:: Published

Amanda M. Salinas

Advanced Nutrition KINE 5306

October 5, 2012

Research Review 2

A. Del Coso, J., Salinero, J., Gonzalez-Millan, C., Abian-Vicen, J., Perez-Gonzalez, B. (2012). Dose response effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on muscle performance: a repeated measure design. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9 (1). Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=df1efffe-06bf-4d8d-89fe-cee2aae71f60%40sessionmgr11&vid=4&hid=124

B. The purpose of the study to was to evaluate the effects of the ingestion caffeine-containing energy drinks on muscle performance during upper and lower body power-load training. Specifically, by using energy drink containing 1 and 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body weight. Studies have shown that 1 mg/kg of caffeine does not improve endurance performance nor does it enhance maximal oxygen uptake during max effort testing. However, 1 serving of an energy drink has been proven to improve reaction time, alertness and aerobic and anaerobic performance test. The ingestion of 3mg/kg of caffeine had shown an increase in jump height, running distance and sprint velocity.

C. For this study twelve active participants (3 females) volunteered after being fully informed of any risk associated with the experiment. Participants could not have been participating in any resistance-training programs within the 3 months prior to the study also, they were non-smokers and had a light caffeine consumption (<60 mg per day). The mean age of the participants was 30 +- 7 years, and body fat percentage of 18 +- 8%. All participants underwent pre-trial testing which included a physical examination, obtaining their nude body weight and body fat composition via a bioimpedance machine in order to individualize their caffeine doses.

The experiment was done using a double-blind placebo controlled and randomized experimental design. An alphanumeric code was assigned to each participant to keep the trial blind. Three experimental trials were conducted at the same time of day and in the same controlled environment. For the trial participants ingested caffeine through a 250ml commercially available energy drink (Fure, Proenergetics, Spain), the only variation on each of the three occasions was the amount of caffeine contained in the energy drink. On one occasion participants were given 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass while on the second occasion a lower dose was given, 1 mg/kg of caffeine and on the final occasion the energy drink did not contain any caffeine (placebo; 0 mg/kg). Participants were instructed to refrain from any strenuous activities the day prior to testing and they were encouraged to follow a similar diet and fluid intake regimen. This included no caffeine or alcohol 48 hours before testing and a light meal eaten two hours before the experimental test. On the day of testing participants were given the caffeine-containing energy drink 60 minutes before the onset of testing. Resting heart rate was collected along with systolic blood pressure, fourth phase diastolic blood pressure (DBP) on the left arm, mean arterial pressure (MAP), resting oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2). After the preliminary data was collected each participant took part in a standardized warm-up that included 10 minutes of running and focused on the extensions of the legs and arms with submaximal loads. To test muscle performance the power-load relationship on the half-squat and bench-press were tested. Testing was done concentrically by using relative loads from 10-100% of the participants RM and increased in 10% increments. The half-squat test was measured by the participant’s concentric leg extension and the bench-press test measured the concentric arm extension. Velocity, acceleration, and power were recorded with each repetition with a rotator encoder that was attached to the end of each bar. Each participant was given a 2-min resting period between repetitions.

D. The results on the ingestion of 1mg/kg and 3mg/kg of caffeine in the energy drinks was proven to increase the resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the participants as well as their mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Although the caffeine increased the participant’s vitals it did not affect the respiratory exchange. On the squat power-load test the ingestion of 0mg/kg and 1mg/kg of caffeine resulted in similar results with not much of a difference being noted (0mg/kg = 2554 +/- 167) (1mg/kg= 2549 +/- 161). Both of those results were less than after the consumption of 3mg/kg (2726 +/- 166). The same similarities were seen on the results of the bench-press (349 +/- 34 =359 +/- 35 < 375 +/- 33). The ingestion of 3mg/kg of caffeine significantly increased muscle power outputs for both the half-squat and bench-press.

E. The researches went to extreme measure to make sure this study was double-blind and remained this way throughout the entire process. The flaw of the study was the number of female participants verses their male counter parts. Out of twelve participants only 3 were female. It would’ve been more beneficial to see an equal number of men and women participate in the study. Also, the results should have been separated by gender since there were three female participants. The results should have showed the differences among the three women and how those results compared to the result of the 9 male participants. They also did not give enough information about how many repetitions of each exercise were performed and how much time was given for rest between switching from the half-squat to the bench-press.

F. I think this was an interesting study to conduct. The popularity of caffeine-containing energy drink being consumed by athletes has been on the rise. Many people also use these types of drinks prior to working out or running so seeing the results of the study was extremely interesting. Previously caffeine was on the list of prohibited substances so seeing these types of studies being done and showing that the ingestion of higher amounts of caffeine can increase a person’s strength and power amazes me. I think if research on this subject continues and the results continue to show great increases in power and strength there might be just cause to place it back on the prohibited substances list for competitive athletes.

Unanswered Questions

1. How many repetitions were conducted of each exercise?

2. How did the results vary from the male and female participants?

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Thread:: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Post:: RE: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Author:: Jasmine Richmond

Posted Date:: October 4, 2012 10:26 AM
Status:: Published

This is an interesting study as I feel like creatine is supplemented a lot although most people don't understand how/why it works. I agree with you that it was very important, and increased validity, that they used soccer specific skills in the testing model. What was the dosage of the creatine and did they mention anything about increasing the subjects water intake during the supplementation time?

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Thread:: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Post:: RE: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Author:: Jasmine Richmond

Posted Date:: October 4, 2012 10:21 AM
Status:: Published

This is a really interesting study. I definitely agree that more research is needed, and in different regions, to have a better idea about this behaviors and their effects. If this is a topic you are interested in you should look into the research that has been done at the University of North Texas about alcohol consumptions and its affect on muscle recovery.

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Thread:: Nutritional, physiological, and perceptual responses during a summer ultraendurance cycling event.
Post:: Nutritional, physiological, and perceptual responses during a summer ultraendurance cycling event.
Author:: Jasmine Richmond

Posted Date:: October 3, 2012 1:52 PM
Status:: Published

Jasmine Richmond

KINE 5306

10/2/12

Research Review 2

A. Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Emmanuel, H., Ganio, M. S., Klau, J. F., Lee, E. C., . . .

Yamamoto, L. M. (2012). Nutritional, physiological, and perceptual

responses during a summer ultraendurance cycling event. Journal of

Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(2), 307-318.

B. The purpose of this study was to describe the physiological and metabolic responses, perceptual rating, energy balance, and macronutrient intake of 48 recreational endurance cyclist during a 164 km event in mean ambient temperature of 34.4 ± 4.9° C.

C. Forty-two male and six female subjects, all non-elite cyclist, were recruited at the registration on the Hotter ‘n Hell Hundred (HHH) 100-mile (164km) in Wichita Falls, Texas in the month of August. Thermal, circulatory, metabolic, macronutrient, fluid electrolyte, and perceptual variable were measured during the race. No restrictions/regulations were put on the subject’s food or fluid choice or their race pace. To be deemed eligible subjects had to be between 19-49 years old, had to past a medical history questionnaire and had to have completed at least one other 160km cycling event. On the day before the event, height, weight, and BMI were measured and recorded. Heart rate and gastrointestinal temperature (T_GI) were measured on a select group of subjects (n=16 males, n=3 females). Heart rate (HR) was monitored via a wrist cardioatachometer that read the HR from a chest strap. Gastrointestinal temperature was measured by an ingestible thermistor, which was ingested at 9pm the night prior to the event.

Two days before the event a subset of 10 males preformed a procedure to allow for the calculation of sweat rate. Additionally, sweat rate was assessed in 20 males on the event day. Energy expenditure was calculated during the event using an overground cycling method that utilized the ground speed and body mass on every cyclist to obtain the rate of oxygen consumption. Five perceptual rating scales were recorded for all subjects at the startling line, 2 aid stations and the finish line. The five scales were: thermal sensation, rating of thirst, rating of perceived exertion, muscle cramp rating, and a pain rating scale. Subjects also kept a food log for the day prior to the event and the day of the event.

All the previously mentioned was collected at the starting line (before the event), at 2 aid stations (at 52 and 97 km) and at the finish line.

D. The mean final HR for men significantly increased (p<0.001) between the 52km point and the finish line. The mean T_GIalso increased significantly (p<0.05-0.001) in 12 men and in 3 women, which suggest mild hyperthermia. Surprisingly, 5 men were dehydrated, as deemed by their urine specific gravity levels, before the start of the race. As to be expected, both mean urine specific gravity and urine color showed progressive dehydration during the race event.

Sweat rate was less during the event as compared to the prior (2 days before) measurements taken. When examining the means on the body mass measurements it was seen that both men and women maintained their body mass well during the event. However when looking at the raw data it was seem that several subjects loss considerable amount of body mass. These finding were likely compromised by the fact that the researchers couldn’t measure the mass of any food intake during the event.

The mean values of serum osmolality and concentration of sodium and chloride were statistically alike before and after exercise. Serum potassium in men was significantly increased during the event. The five perceptual ratings all increased significantly during the event.

E. One of the reported limitations of this study was the logistically difficultly of finding all the subjects at the measurement sites and the time difference between the subjects at those sites. I think if this study, or one similar, was to be conducted again the investigators would need a better system set up for data collection. Also I thought it was interesting that the investigator did not offer any food or fluid or any advice on what to eat/drink. I think the addition of those things could have provided for more detailed data collection.

F. This study provides ultraendurance event planners, sport nutritionist/dietitians, and clinicians more insight into what they need to tell their clients/participants to prepare for the race. Especially that they need to consume more energy during the event and their protein consume post event needs to be at 1.2-1.4 p/kg of body mass to optimize recovery. Additional, this study provides added information about the importance of hydration and avoidance of heat exhaustion and/or heart stoke.

Unanswered Questions:

•&νβσπ;Why didn’t they consider measuring urine expelled during the event?

•&νβσπ;Why didn’t they try to control the diet of the cyclist prior to and during the event?

•&νβσπ;How does this relate to non-ultraendurance races in similar environmental conditions?

Attachment: File

Nutritional,_Physiological,_and_Perceptual.1.pdf (222.539 KB)

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Thread:: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Post:: RE: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Author:: Justin Powell

Posted Date:: October 9, 2012 7:49 PM
Status:: Published

I think this is a fantastic choice of a study. I find Cr supplementation very interesting and beneficial. I agree with you that a mention of their outside physical activity should have been mentioned and possibly controlled. Another thing that I would have liked to see is a break down of their natural diet. The study asked that they maintain their diet but to my knowledge did not regulate it. Overall, I believe this is a very beneficial study to increase the knowledge that Cr supplementation can positively effect physically active males.

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Thread:: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact
Post:: RE: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact
Author:: Justin Powell

Posted Date:: October 7, 2012 8:07 PM
Status:: Published

Julie, I think this is a really interesting topic seeing how there is a large population of people that workout that depend on energy drinks, pre-workout drinks, and other ergogenic aids to help them throught their workouts. I dont find it surprising that their was a significant increase found when consuming the energy drink Amino Impact. Were you able to find any research similar to this study that tested other energy drinks? Another question that I would have that I'm sure would be answered if I were to read this study is how much of the energy drink or placebo did they ingest? I know for the redline study we only ingested a dixie cup amount of the energy drink.

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Thread:: Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on force output and time to exhaustion during static leg contractions superimposed with electromyostimulation
Post:: Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on force output and time to exhaustion during static leg contractions superimposed with electromyostimulation
Author:: Justin Powell

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 8:14 PM
Status:: Published

Research Review 2

Wax, B., Brown, S. P., Webb, H. E., & Kavazis, A. N. (2012). Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on force output and time to exhaustion during static leg contractions superimposed with electromyostimulation. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(6), 1717-1723.

Purpose of Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of carbohydrate ingestion on force output and time exhaustion using single leg static contractions superimposed with brief periods of electromyostimulation.

Methods and Materials

The subjects consisted of six trained male subjects that participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, and double-blind study. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the placebo (n=3) or carbohydrate supplement group (n=3). The subjects of both groups ingested one gram of their respective supplement per kilogram of body mass thirty minutes prior to exercise protocol began and 0.17 grams of their respective supplementation every six minutes during the exercise protocol. Subjects had to complete a ten hour fasting stage and not participate in any strenuous leg exercise for seven days. The subjects performed repeated static contractions at a target 50% of maximal voluntary contractions. They performed a continuous 20 second contraction without electromyostimulation followed by 40 seconds rest period. During the last 3 seconds of the first 20 second voluntary contraction was superimposed by electromyostimulation and every five minutes thereafter. This process was carried out to quantify force output. This exercise protocol continued until subject reached exhaustion. Summary of Results/Conclusion

The results found in this study show a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase for force output when comparing the CHO group and the PL group. Analysis of performance variables revealed that CHO group had a significantly higher time to exhaustion when compared to the PL group. Repeated measure analysis of variance did not show any significant interaction effect of blood lactate, therefore no more test were conducted for blood lactate. This study did a good job reporting results strictly based on the analysis of the two by three factorial analyses of variance as well as the paired t-tests.

Critique of the Study

The authors of this study did an excellent job with the analytic procedures for a paired t-test and two by three ANOVA. I would have recommended a Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference test to be used because the comparisons were pairwise. Three Tukey’s tests may have had to be run in order to run one for the pre and post-test of each group. However, since F was found to be non-significant for blood lactate this would not be needed. Another concern that I had about this study pertains the sample. My main concerns about the sample were that it only consisted of six participants and that all the participants were male.

Practical Application

These findings in this study show a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase for force output when comparing the CHO group and the PL group. Analysis of performance variables revealed that CHO group had a significantly higher time to exhaustion when compared to the PL group. Thus, based on these findings it can be beneficial to ingest CHO prior to performance in order to increase force output and time to exhaustion for athletes of all sports.

Questions

1. To what degree of training were the subjects trained? Were they all on the same level of training?

2. Does the significance of force output increase for upper body with the increase supplementation of CHO as it does for single leg static contractions?

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Thread:: Fluid Needs for Training and Compeition in Athletes
Post:: RE: Fluid Needs for Training and Compeition in Athletes
Author:: Elizabeth Leal

Posted Date:: October 9, 2012 9:27 AM
Status:: Published

Good article! It good to find more information about hydration for athletes. I also like your discussion questions and implementing it to your sport (soccer).

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Thread:: The Paleo diet and 20 healthy subjects.
Post:: RE: The Paleo diet and 20 healthy subjects.
Author:: Elizabeth Leal

Posted Date:: October 9, 2012 9:23 AM
Status:: Published

Great review and critique. I agree that the study could of been made stronger with a greater population. Interesting information though.

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Thread:: Hydration status in adolescent judo athletes before and after training in the heat
Post:: Hydration status in adolescent judo athletes before and after training in the heat
Author:: Elizabeth Leal

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 4:54 PM
Status:: Published

Research Review #2

Rivera-Brown, A. M., & De Felix-Davila, R. A. (2012). Hydration status in adolescent judo athletes before and after training in the heat. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance, 7(1), 39-46

Purpose of Study

The art of Judo is a very demanding sport that has athletes produce high level of aerobic fitness, strength, agility, muscular endurance, and mental alertness for performance to be successful. Being that there are weight categories, many athletes resort to rapid weight loss days and hours before competition. The preferred methods for many to “make weight” include combinations of increased sweating and fluid restriction. It is well researched that dehydration hinders exercise performance and the purpose of this study was to determine the body hydration status of adolescent athletes before, immediately after, and 24 hours after a training session. Sodium loss and symptoms of hydration were documented.

Methods and Materials

Twenty-four adolescent athletes (male=14, female=10) between the ages of 12 and 17, whom were naturally accustomed to hot and humid environments, were participants for this study. All subjects and parents were informed of the purpose and procedures of the study and each handed a consent form. During the pre training session, each subject was instructed to urinate in a pre weighed container and body weight was then measured. Upon putting on their kimono, a forehead absorbent patch was used for regional sweat collection. Once prepared, the training session lasted 90minutes that included warm up, training, and cool-down. Location was set in a gymnasium that provided only fans for cooling.

Summary of Results/Conclusion

Upon receiving data it was resulted that there were no significant differences between both genders in any of the variables studied. According to the NATA guidelines, 21 of 24 subjects starting training in a “significant level” of dehydration (Rivera-Brown & De Felix Davila, 2012). Three of the subjects had started their training in a state of “serious” dehydration. There was never a complete rehydration among the athletes during training and the following day majority of the athletes regained body weight but 20 of the 21 that were in fluid deficit before training were still hypo hydrated. In relation to symptoms, 70% reported to experiencing symptoms of dehydration during training.

Critique of the Study

Strengths quickly noted in the article were the consent forms and pre discussion performed by the testers to the parents and athletes of the study. The environment was taken into account and noted within the article stating that temperature and changes were recorded every 30 minutes. It is to be noted also that all the participants were accustomed to hot and humid environments which makes the study effective. Weakness found within the article was that studies were done with adolescents. Could the results have been different if performed by older subjects? Comparison of results to more elite athletes may not be efficient so it would be wise to perform more tests but with older subjects to make comparisons.

Practical Application(s) of the Study

Overall importance to get out of this article is that rehydration is very important and crucial for optimal performance. Athletes and parents alike need to be educated about developing ways that will aid optimal hydration to get a better quality of training. Above all, dehydration should not become a factor for it can affect the well-being of athletes especially those of adolescents.

Questions:

What would the results have been if subjects were adults?

How would the comparison of accustomed athletes to unaccustomed athletes to heat and humidity be?

What results would be found if data was picked up 48 to 72 hours?

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Thread:: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Post:: RE: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Author:: Jessica Korda

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 7:43 PM
Status:: Published

Good article review!!! I agree, I would have the subjects be tested for a longer period of time.

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Thread:: Female Collegiate Athletes: Prevalence of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Behaviors
Post:: RE: Female Collegiate Athletes: Prevalence of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Behaviors
Author:: Jessica Korda

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 7:42 PM
Status:: Published

Good article review. It is a very touchy subject among female athletes. It is important that coaches pay attention and make sure they are helping their athletes.

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Thread:: Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body Composition and Behavior among Dancers
Post:: Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body Composition and Behavior among Dancers
Author:: Jessica Korda

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 2:58 PM
Status:: Published

Sources:

Hidayah, G., & Bariah, S. (2011). Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body Composition and Dieting Behavior among Dancers.Asian Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2011.

Purpose of Study:

The purpose of this study is to find the prevalence of the risk of eating disorders among dancers, comparison of the body composition between dancers and control subjects and examine the relationship between eating attitude, body image concern, and body composition and dieting behavior. Dancers are prone to have eating disorders, and obsess over their body image.

Methods and Materials:

A set of self administered questionnaires were given that consisted of Eating Attitude Test, Body Attitude test, and Dieting Behavior were conducted on twenty-three dancers and fifty lean subjects. The measurements of height, weight, mid upper arm circumference, skinfold thickness of the triceps, suprailiac, thigh, and abdomen were taken.

Summary of Results/Conclusion:

The results showed the dancers have high prevalence of risk of eating disorder compared to the controlled subjects. The dancers had 21.74% compared to the controlled subjects of 12%. There were significant mean differences in percentages of fat and lean body weight. There was also a significant positive strong correlation between eating attitude and body image concern, as well as a correlation between dieting behaviors and body image concerns. The study also showed the relationship between the BMI and dieting, the dancers would use dieting pill, laxatives, and vomiting, as a form of dieting. This study has concluded that dancers have a fear of gaining weight, and obsess over their body image. This leads dancers to make drastic dieting choices, such as vomiting or taking laxatives.

Critique of the Study:

The study was well organized and displayed a fair amount of information. A change I would make to the study is to have the same number of subjects being tested for each group. It would be fifty dancers and fifty lean subjects, this way your results will be equal.

Practical Application of Study:

This study can be used to try and help dancers and lean subjects confront their body image problems. This can be used to help them get the proper help needed, also to try and prevent body image problems from occurring.

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Thread:: Nutritional, physiological, and perceptual responses during a summer ultraendurance cycling event.
Post:: RE: Nutritional, physiological, and perceptual responses during a summer ultraendurance cycling event.
Author:: Lindsey Hough

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 1:09 PM
Status:: Published

Interesting bit about five men being dehydrated even prior to the event. Makes me wonder just how many of these athletes, especially once you get to the ultra-endurance stuff where a large degree of pain and discomfort are just "dealt with," actually spend an adequate amount of effort looking into hydration protocols. Have you found any studies, Jazz, looking at hydration profiles and/or of ultra-endurance athletes. I feel like it's obvious that those are the types of events that require protocols, but they're just the type of people who may not spend as much effort meticulously planning out hydration.

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Thread:: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Post:: RE: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Author:: Lindsey Hough

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 1:03 PM
Status:: Published

This would be a really interesting study applied to the US collegiate athletics scene, particularly different divisions of schools with both men and women's teams.

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Thread:: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Post:: RE: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Author:: Lindsey Hough

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 1:00 PM
Status:: Published

I enjoyed reading your summary of this study. Extremely important is the finding that more than 3 days of Cr loading is needed for gains - I feel like many people spot-ingest Cr, whereas this implies consistency with consumption has a large factor.

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Thread:: Female Collegiate Athletes: Prevalence of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Behaviors
Post:: RE: Female Collegiate Athletes: Prevalence of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Behaviors
Author:: Chelsea Hillis

Posted Date:: October 19, 2012 4:08 PM
Status:: Published

This is similar to what I did. I always find it interesting, all the factors that go into an athlete having an eating disorder. I hope that if I ever coach I can catch this quickly and get the girls some help. :)

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Thread:: Nutritional, physiological, and perceptual responses during a summer ultraendurance cycling event.
Post:: RE: Nutritional, physiological, and perceptual responses during a summer ultraendurance cycling event.
Author:: Chelsea Hillis

Posted Date:: October 19, 2012 4:06 PM
Status:: Published

You always pick interesting stuff! I wonder why there were more men then women? Or did I just miss that? (which wouldn't be surprising)

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Thread:: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Post:: RE: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Author:: Chelsea Hillis

Posted Date:: October 7, 2012 5:17 PM
Status:: Published

Hey Liz!

This is a very interesting topic, gluten is such a big deal right now. My roommate is constantly saying what she can and can't eat because is has gluten. Very interesting!

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Thread:: Effects of Short-Term Quercetin Supplementation on Soldier Performance
Post:: RE: Effects of Short-Term Quercetin Supplementation on Soldier Performance
Author:: Chelsea Hillis

Posted Date:: September 26, 2012 1:45 PM
Status:: Published

I really enjoyed reading over your study. However, what I really liked most was your depth of questions. Most people just joy something down in a hurry, but your seemed to be very thoughtful. Fantastic Job!

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Thread:: Body Image, Disordered Eating and Anabolic Steroid Use in Female Bodybuilders
Post:: Body Image, Disordered Eating and Anabolic Steroid Use in Female Bodybuilders
Author:: Chelsea Hillis

Posted Date:: September 20, 2012 7:45 PM
Status:: Published

Body dissatisfaction and unhealthy eating practices are common among sports and activities that require low body fat or low body weight for enhanced performance. Competitive Bodybuilding is a sport that requires participants to be exceptionally lean and mesomorphic, thus participants may be vulnerable to developing unhealthy eating and weight control practices, as well as using anabolic steroids. This study compares competitive female bodybuilders (CFBBs) and recreational female weight-training controls (RFWTs) on a broad scope of eating related and general psychological characteristics. Anonymous questionnaires, designed to assess eating attitudes, body image, weight and shape preoccupation, prevalence of binge eating, body modification practices (including anabolic steroids), lifetime rates of eating disorders, and general psychological characteristics, were completed by 20 CFBBs and 25 RFWTs. High rates of weight and shape preoccupation, body dissatisfaction, bulimic practices, and anabolic steroid use were reported among CFBBs, and to a lesser degree, RFWTs. Differences between groups on general psychological factors were not statistically significant and effect sizes were small. CFBBs appear to share many eating-related features with women with bulimia nervosa but few psychological traits. Longitudinal research is needed to ascertain whether women with disordered eating or a history of bulimia nervosa disproportionately gravitate Eating Disturbances in Female Bodybuilders 201 to competitive bodybuilding, and/or whether competitive bodybuilding fosters body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, bulimia nervosa, and anabolic steroid use.

Attachment: File

Article 2 Nutrition Review.docx (13.819 KB)

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Thread:: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Post:: RE: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Author:: Benjamin Hicks

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 9:04 AM
Status:: Published

This topic is definitely one that caught my eye because of my experience as an NCAA cross country athlete. I don't know if I received more pressure to consume drinks compared to when I was an athlete and when I was not. Whether this is true or not, it is still a pretty prevalent problem among a lot of young athletes. Did this study look at any of the actual performance decreases that came from consuming drinks or just the negative side effects of alcohol? I think it would be interesting to do a study that looked at different sports to see the different performance effects.

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Thread:: Vitamin and mineral supplementation: effect on the 192 Am J Clin Nutr l988;47: 192-5. Printed in USA. C 1988 American Society for Clinical Nutrition running performance of trained athletes
Post:: RE: Vitamin and mineral supplementation: effect on the 192 Am J Clin Nutr l988;47: 192-5. Printed in USA. C 1988 American Society for Clinical Nutrition running performance of trained athletes
Author:: Benjamin Hicks

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 8:52 AM
Status:: Published

I really like the study, but I am curious as to why they did the treadmill testing the same week they did the 15km time trial. Since the subject was run to complete exhaustion with the treadmill test the same week of the 15km time trial, the time trial results would have been skewed. I think doing the time trial the following week would have been a better idea. Overall, this article is very applicable for runners or endurance athletes taking vitamins & minerals for performance reason.

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Thread:: The Prevalence of Vitamin Supplementation in Ultraendurance Triathletes
Post:: The Prevalence of Vitamin Supplementation in Ultraendurance Triathletes
Author:: Benjamin Hicks

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 9:59 PM
Status:: Published

A. Citation

Knez, W.L., Peake, J.M. (2010). The Prevalence of Vitamin Supplementation in Ultraendurance Triathletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 20, 507-514.

B. Purpose of Study

In addition to ultraendurance triathletes consuming large amounts of calories to meet their energy needs, vitamin and mineral supplementation is also very common among these athletes. The high energy intake of ultraendurance triathletes may already provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals without the need to use supplements. The benefit of supplement use is questionable and in some cases there is evidence that show zero evidence of benefits or potentially negative side effects. The purpose of this study is to assess the nutrition of ultraendurance triathletes and to inform these types of athletes on the best nutritional practice.

C. Methods & Materials

This study included 24 male and 13 female subjects that were all healthy well trained ultaendurance triathletes. These subjects were recruited to participate through a national Internet-based Ironman triathlon discussion page. The subject completed a medical history and lifestyle evaluation questionnaire to determine their health and detail their training history. Each athlete was also provided with a nutrition and activity diary that they would be completing throughout the seven day period. The self-report is considered a satisfactory method for estimating nutritional intake and has been used in previous research investigating dietary intake in ultraendurance activity. Throughout seven consecutive days the subjects were told to maintain their normal eating habits and to record the food and drink they consumed in detail. They were instructed to record as much detail as possible in relation to the type of food, including brand, quantity, and liquid consumed. Measuring portions using scales, cups, teaspoons and tablespoons, was also advised. Each subject was also asked to record the details of vitamin and mineral supplements and provide reason for using any supplement.

The food diaries were analyzed for nutritional content and energy intake, using Foodworks. The data that was collected was compared to the dietary guidelines and specific recommended dietary intakes for age and sex. Means, medians, and standard deviations were determined using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Independent t-tests were used to compare the difference in men’s and women’s attainment of their specific percentage of recommended daily intake.

D. Summary of Results/Conclusion

The intake of vitamins and minerals relative to the RDI was significantly different between man and women. With the exception of vitamin D, the dietary intake of this group of ultraendurance triathletes was generally adequate. Overall, 23 of the 37 subjects regularly consumed a dietary supplement. Proportionally, the female subjects consumed more supplements than the male subjects. Vitamin C, E and multivitamin supplements were the most commonly used. The most common reason for the use of supplements from all of the subjects was to prevent or reduce cold symptoms, to boost or maintain the immune system, and to follow the advice of coaches. The findings in this study suggest that ultraendurance athletes are disciplined at maintaining and consuming appropriate amounts of nutrients but some still choose to use supplements because of inaccurate reports rather than strong scientific evidence.

This study has shown that taking mineral and vitamin supplements are for the most part are unnecessary. There is very little to no evidence to support any of the reasons for why these subjects chose to take a vitamin and mineral supplement. One of the most important findings from this study is how uninformed and uneducated most athletes are about this topic. If athletes are relying on sources that are not health professionals, it is important that these sources are informed and educated, so that they can give athletes accurate and reliable information.

E. Critique of the Study

This study was conducted very well. Their methods eliminated a lot of error that could have taken place. There were some limitations with the lack of equality between the male and female subjects, which could have affected some of the accuracy of the information given.

F. Practical Application

As a certified athletic trainer this is something that I could use to help inform endurance athletes and their coaches. Explaining this information to any athlete can be very helpful. Keeping my athletes off of any supplement or drug is the safest and healthiest route, unless they specifically require something because of their physiological make-up.

Using this information to teach the coaching staff or anyone who works directly with the athletes that may give them advice, can help improve the safety of all of your athletes.

G. Questions

-Can this information be transferred over to any endurance athlete who is consuming a large amount of calories to meet energy needs?

-Why was the age not a limiting factor on their subject pool?

-Why wasn’t a longer recording period used?

Attachment: File

Research Review #2 Article.pdf (4.824 MB)

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Thread:: L-arginine supplementation
Post:: RE: L-arginine supplementation
Author:: Timothy Gabriel

Posted Date:: October 4, 2012 12:49 PM
Status:: Published

I was thinking the same thing as you, why was the preacher curl used and why was it the only exercise chosen. I would think that there would be better exercises that could be chosen that might help to understand the effect of L-arginine. What if the squat had been chosen? would that not have facilitated greater amounts of hormones to be produced, increased blood flow, and increase energy demands of the body. There is more testing that is needed to be done with this type of supplementation.

I have had a bunch of friends that have used this exact supplement and said that they have liked it and seen results.

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Thread:: Body Image, Disordered Eating and Anabolic Steroid Use in Female Bodybuilders
Post:: RE: Body Image, Disordered Eating and Anabolic Steroid Use in Female Bodybuilders
Author:: Timothy Gabriel

Posted Date:: October 4, 2012 12:31 PM
Status:: Published

Sadly it is not surprising to hear that there are many problems when it comes to eating disorders with female body builds. The demands of their sport to cut to such low levels of body fat is very tough and I am sure that for some whatever can be done is needed to cut the weight. This is something that is prevalent in most body weight continuous sports. Also I can see how binge eating can happen, cause after limiting the food intake for a competition I know I would want to go out and eat everything!

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Thread:: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Post:: RE: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Author:: Timothy Gabriel

Posted Date:: October 4, 2012 12:16 PM
Status:: Published

Almost forgot article!

Attachment: File

Effect_of_a_Pre_Exercise_Energy_Supplement_on_the.32.pdf (424.131 KB)

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Thread:: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Post:: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Author:: Timothy Gabriel

Posted Date:: October 4, 2012 12:06 PM
Status:: Published

A. Hoffman, JR, Ratamess, NA, Ross, R, Shanklin, M, Kang, j, and Faigenbaum, AD. 2008. Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement on Acute Hormonal Response to Resistance Exercise. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(3): 874-882

B. The purpose of the study was to examine a pre-workout supplement combining (BCAAs, ceatine, caffeine, taurine, and glucuronolactone) on resistance exercise quality and its effect on training volume and hormonal response to exercise and supplement.

C. A double-blind, crossover design was used with 8 pre-trained college-age males. The participants appeared on 5 different occasions for the study. For the first session each subject performed the squat exercise to obtain their one repetition maximum (1RM). On the second and third visit, spaced apart by 72 hours, subjects performed 6 sets of up to 10 repetitions at 75% of 1RM with 2 minutes rest between sets; this was done for exercise formularization. Then the subjects performed a creatine loading phase, consisting of (20g∙d⁻¹) for one week. During this week participants were allowed to maintain their normal training. After the loading week the subjects were tested during the final 2 exercise sessions. Also during the week of testing the same amount of creatine was consumed. To obtain blood readings a cannula was placed in a superficial forearm vein. Then in a randomized order subjects were given the supplement (S) or placebo (P). Ten minutes after ingestion subjects started to perform the testing protocol. Blood draws were taken pre-exercise (PRE), immediately post-exercise (IP), and 15 (15P), and 30 (30P) minutes post-exercise.

S, Amino Shooters (Champion Nutrition Inc., Concord, CA) consisted of 19 g of a powder containing essential BCAAs (3000 mg L-leucine, 1100 mg L-isoleucine, and 1100 mg valine), essential amino acids (1100 mg L-lysine, 300 mg L-methionine, 1100 mg L-phenylalanine, 700 mg histidine, 1100 mg L-threonine), 5000 mg creatine monohydrate, 1500 mg L-taurine, 350 mg glucuronolactone, and 110 mg of caffeine) and mixed with 500 mL of water. Nutritional facts for each serving was 45 calories 0 g fat 0 g carbohydrate. P consisted of the same amount mixed with water and the nutritional facts per serving were 60 calories 14.9 g carbohydrate 0 g fat and protein. Both drinks were fruit punch and could not be identified by taste or appearance.

D. Testing showed that there was a significant difference in repetitions performed during the fifth set for S compared to P. There was no difference in repetitions or volume for any of the other sets. Overall repetitions and volume trended to higher with S then with P.

There were no significant increases in glucose for either S or P and lactate levels stayed the same. Growth hormone levels saw a significant elevation at both 15P and 30P for S and for P it was not until 30P. Only at 15P was there a significant difference seen between S and P. AUC analysis showed a significant difference between the groups for growth hormone. Free testosterone levels saw significant increases of 25% and 37% for S at IP and 15P respectively. P saw a 10% increase at these same times but it was not significant from PRE. AUC analysis did not show and significant difference between total testosterone levels for either group. There was no significant difference in cortisol levels between groups. Insulin levels at IP were significantly higher for S then for P, other than that there was no significant differences. In conclusion it was shown that the pre-workout supplement containing BCAAs, ceatine, caffeine, taurine, and glucuronolactone helped to enable participants to perform more repetitions and have a greater overall workload. This greater workload was the reason for higher levels of hormones produced.

E. The study was conducted very well and the findings are very beneficial. There are some things that could be changed in future studies that might be beneficial. For example, in the study participants conducted a loading phase of creatine before taking the S. This was done because research has shown that a loading phase is required when ingesting creatine. I think it would be interesting to see what the results might be if there was no loading phase. Most people when they use pre-workout supplements do not first start a loading phase for creatine. These people simply go to the store buy the product and use it. Something else that would be interesting to see is women in the study. Women’s hormonal responses are different than men and it would be very intriguing to see what their response to this type of supplementation might be.

F. For the practical application of this study it can be used for athletes that are looking to push harder in their workouts. These types of supplements can aid in the development of more muscle and help promote better recovery so that over time athletes can have better gains and performance. I would however caution women when using these supplements due to the fact that there has not been studies that involve women and what the effects that it might incur on them.

1. What would the effects be if there was no creatine loading phase.

2. What would the results be for women

3. What would the effect for participants be over a longer period of time.

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Thread:: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Post:: RE: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Author:: Sheena Forero

Posted Date:: October 11, 2012 10:43 AM
Status:: Published

Anita, interesting topic. Although, what factors of performance were negatively affected? I didn't see anything in reference to performance besides the side effects of hangover, nausea, and vomitting. Just curious.

-Kali

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Thread:: Body Image, Disordered Eating and Anabolic Steroid Use in Female Bodybuilders
Post:: RE: Body Image, Disordered Eating and Anabolic Steroid Use in Female Bodybuilders
Author:: Sheena Forero

Posted Date:: October 11, 2012 9:50 AM
Status:: Published

Chelsea! Well you already know that I love this article and study. Great choice by the way. One thing I'm wondering is if these women bodybuilders chose this competitive field, because it gives them control over their bodies and food intake when in other aspects of life you don't have as much control (this trait is often seen in anorexic individuals). This all just hit me considering I have a previous history of anorexia and I happen to fall in love with bodybuilding.

Again, great review!

-Kali

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Thread:: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Post:: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Author:: Sheena Forero

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 10:11 PM
Status:: Published

Arazi, H., Rahmaninia, F., Hoseini, K., & Asadi, A. (2011). Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 5(3), 99-105. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3, 5 and 7 days of creatine loading coupled with resistance training on strength, power, agility, sprint, and muscle size in young athletes.

The study used twenty males randomly divided into a creatine (Cr) or the placebo (Pl) group. The subjects were physically active and did not have any Cr supplementation at least one year prior to the beginning of the study. Testing protocol had subjects report to the gymnasium on 8 separate days: 1 session of familiarization (to eliminate any learning effects on test performance) with testing and training, 3 sessions of resistance training (day 3, day 5, and day 7), and 4 sessions of testing (baseline, day 4, day 6, and day 8). At eat testing session, body mass and body fat (Skin Fold Caliper) were obtained. Then after Cr loading, strength (1RM bench, back squat, and arm curl), power (standing long jump) , and agility (4x9-m shuttle run), sprint (45-m sprint test), and muscle size (arm and thigh muscle cross-sectional area) were evaluated. The supplementation procedure had the Cr group consuming 20g of Cr monohydrate for 7 days, whereas the Pl group consumed 20g dextrose for 7 days. The subjects were instructed to mix 5g Cr or dextrose with 300 ml of grape juice 4 times per day. During this time, the subjects were also informed not to make any significant changes to their diet during the testing or training program over the course of the study. The subjects were also asked to maintain their normal level of daily activity. In addition, the subjects performed additional resistance training on day 3, day 5 and day 7 (one day before the testing session). During each training session, the subjects performed 3 sets of 9 exercises (bench press, shoulder press, lat-pull down, arm curl, leg pres, leg extension, leg curl, squat, and abdominal crunches) with 10 repetitions.

Overall, the study found that muscle strength improved during back squat, arm curl, and bench press following 3, 5, and 7 days of Cr loading. In addition, there was also significant differences between 5 and 7 days of Cr leading in contrast to 3 days of Cr loading at back squat and arm curl. Next, they found that more than 3 days of Cr loading is required to achieve an increase in muscle strength; also more than 5 days of Cr loading is a period sufficient for improving muscle strength at arm curl and back squat. The results in the standing long jump indicated significant increases at 3, 5, and 7 days of Cr loading in contrast to baseline. In addition, significant differences were observed at 5 and 7 days rather than 3 days of Cr loading. In the 4x9-m shuttle run there were significant improvements found after 7 days of Cr loading in contrast to the baseline, 3, and 5 days in 4x9-m shuttle run. It appears that 7 days of loading may be superior to 3 and 5 days for improving agility in males. Following agility, the data demonstrated that 5 and 7 days’ Cr supplementation improved 45-m sprint performance. Lastly, no changes were observed for either the Cr group or placebo group during the entire experimental period, while body mass of the Cr group increase significantly after 5 and 7 days of Cr loading. In addition, data indicated that 7 days of Cr supplementation can increase thigh and arm muscle volume.

The first critique of this study was the lack of female subjects utilized. Secondly, the researchers did not state or what times of activity the subjects participated in outside of testing, such as, sports, running, and weight training. Lastly, there was not an explanation as to the change in skin fold thinness after CrS suggested that the increase in body mass was due to either an increase in fat-free mass and/or an increase in total body water.

Chiefly, this study shows athletes participating in a resistance training program the benefits from creatine supplementation because it allows them to complete their physical performance by improving strength, agility, power, speed, and arm volume.

Would results have been different with female athletes?

Could outside activity or training contributed to results?

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Thread:: "Development, validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to evaluate rapid weight loss patterns in judo players"
Post:: "Development, validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to evaluate rapid weight loss patterns in judo players"
Author:: Garrett Fletcher

Posted Date:: September 26, 2012 1:58 PM
Status:: Published

RESEARCH REVIEW ARTICLE #2

Source: Artioli, G., Scagliusi, F., Kashiwagura, D., Franchini, E., Gualano, B., and Junior, A., (2009). Development, validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to evaluate rapid weight loss patterns in judo players. Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. (10), pp.1-11.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire to evaluate rapid weight loss patterns of competitive judo players and to assess its validity and reliability.

Methods/Tools:

The authors recruited 254 judo competitors older than 11 years old, with a minimum of 2 years judo experience, and were competing at regional or prominent competitions. The study was conducted in 2 steps; first, the questionnaire was developed, including the system of scoring each item and the total score for the questionnaire. The second was the evaluation of the questionnaire’s validity. The content, convergent and discriminant validity were assessed, as well as the reliability of the questionnaire. These assessments were made by a recruited group of athletes.

The Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire (RWLQ) was developed, which is a self-reporting instrument designed to evaluate rapid weight loss patterns among judo athletes. The layout and language style was made simple and easy-to-understand. The questions were created based on other questionnaires used in previous studies of wrestlers. In addition, any questions evaluating behaviors compatible to eating disorders were removed (i.e. binge eating episodes). Individual scores were assigned to all questions, where the higher score represented more aggressive or harmful rapid weight loss strategies. The total score RWLQ score consisted of the sum of all scores from individual questions.

Ten experts who all at least had a bachelor’s degree in Physical Education or Nutrition assessed the content validity. However, most had a master or PhD in these fields. In addition, their selection was based on their well-recognized knowledge of nutrition, eating disorder evaluation, psychometrics, their well-recognized experience as an international judo athlete or coach or a combination of these qualifications. They were asked to answer questions pertaining to each question’s clarity, relevance and content, as well as their own opinion. The convergent validity was assessed by the correlation between the RWLQ score and the score on the Restraint Scale (RS). Sixty judo athletes were required to take the RWLQ and then the RS immediately after that. Two separate groups consisting of judo athletes having body weights below or above their weight class limit took the RWLQ to assess discriminant validity. The purpose of this was to show the RWLQ discriminates athletes with different levels of aggressiveness in their pre-competitive weight management strategies. Test and retest of the RWLQ was conducted with ninety-four judo athletes to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. They took the test twice within 2-4 weeks separation. The statistical results were expressed as mean+/- standard deviation. Spearman’s Correlation was used to test convergent validity between RWLQ and RS. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the discriminant validity. A 2-way random ANOVA of the Intra Class Coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the reliability of all the questions that were numerical and parametric. The percentage of agreement was used between the test and retest scores for questions that were dichotomous (i.e. yes or no). The summary reliability was assessed using Spearman’s correlation test between RWLQ scores collected on the two occasions and Cronbach’s ∝ stability analysis. Any biases were identified by using Wilcoxon’s Signed Rank Test on the test and retest scores.

Results/Discussion:

After analyzing all of the statistical analyses, the authors were able to conclude the RWLQ is very reliable and has a very high content and convergent validity. Furthermore, it was able to discriminate athletes very well who constantly have to drop weight for competition and those who do not need to drop weight. After going over the results the authors went back to discuss why specific tests or statistics were used, as well as the importance of reliability and validity for questionnaires that assess an area like rapid weight loss. They revisited these areas to spotlight the important areas of their analysis of the questionnaire the strongly support the reliability, validity, stability, and the precision and accuracy of the RWLQ. They also made note that appropriate cut-off points based on the questionnaire scores indicating athletes with a high-risk profile should be determined.

Critique of Article:

I personally enjoyed this article, and believe the authors selected the best possible types of statistical analyses to use for their data. Moreover, the decision to revisit each test to break down and explain why they used each test, what the purposes were, and how it related to the RWLQ. However, it would have been interesting if they had included and analyzed all of the data from the English version of the RWLQ instead of only the Portuguese version.

Practical Application:

The possibilities for practical application of this article are abundant. The detail in the explanations they gave for each statistical analysis or test used can be incredibly helpful for many future researchers, especially kinesiology students working with athletes or those making questionnaires. Furthermore, the questionnaire can be used by coaches around the world involved in Judo, namely because it has been proven to be a valid and reliable assessment tool. The RWLQ can also be used to help find athletes at risk of causing harm to their bodies or potentially impairing performance levels. The RWLQ can also be used on other combat sports that have weight classes and have athletes using rapid weight loss strategies (i.e. muay thai, mixed martial arts, etc). In fact, I am currently working to create a similar rapid weight loss patterns questionnaire for mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes, and the RWLQ is the foundation to my project. However, there will be some additions or adjustments made to increase the specificity of the questionnaire towards MMA.

Attachment: File

RESEARCH REVIEW ARTICLE #2 advanced nutrition.docx (148.271 KB)

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Thread:: Hydration status in adolescent judo athletes before and after training in the heat
Post:: RE: Hydration status in adolescent judo athletes before and after training in the heat
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: October 22, 2012 1:44 PM
Status:: Published

Great topic Elizabeth.

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Thread:: Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body Composition and Behavior among Dancers
Post:: RE: Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body Composition and Behavior among Dancers
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: October 20, 2012 2:08 PM
Status:: Published

I have worked with several dancers and this is a major issue. Good topic.

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Thread:: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact
Post:: RE: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: October 20, 2012 2:07 PM
Status:: Published

Many supplement studies use smaller sample sizes and instead of significance investigate if there is significance in the percentage of change between the pre and post test.

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Thread:: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Post:: RE: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: October 13, 2012 7:29 AM
Status:: Published

Alcohol is also catabolic and can retard the recovery process. Not ideal for someone engaged in intense or heavy training like most athletes. Great questions for further research.

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Thread:: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Post:: RE: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: October 13, 2012 7:25 AM
Status:: Published

Great pints Marcello. It is also a bit of a novelty to see subjects under 18. Not many researchers look at these younger groups because it can be a challenge getting them through IRBs. Did the athletes do a loading phase for that week(10-20 g of Creatine). As you state, a longer duration for the study would be nice to see.

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Thread:: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Post:: RE: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Author:: James Dawes INSTRUCTOR MANAGER

Posted Date:: October 4, 2012 5:37 PM
Status:: Published

Good points TIm.

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Thread:: L-arginine supplementation
Post:: RE: L-arginine supplementation
Author:: Dara Dalton

Posted Date:: September 23, 2012 1:35 PM
Status:: Published

I agree with you about the exercise protocol and lack of work. I have heard positive reviews about an L-arginine supplement from friends however I have not been able to find credible research on the topic. Perhaps a whole body training regimen would be more effective?

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Thread:: Body Image, Disordered Eating and Anabolic Steroid Use in Female Bodybuilders
Post:: RE: Body Image, Disordered Eating and Anabolic Steroid Use in Female Bodybuilders
Author:: Dara Dalton

Posted Date:: September 23, 2012 1:29 PM
Status:: Published

Interesting review.
I often wonder about the disorders and downsides to being a professional female bodybuilder however one can always chose how their life should be lived. This research covered a very broad topic - I believe research could be conducted on each objective listed in the title so many kudos to the individuals putting these into one large study.
While reading your review I was wondering, also, if all the subjects were truthful in answering the questionnaires.
Concerning prevention of further steroid use, distorted body image and eating disorders, I feel it would not make any difference if regulations were placed on these individuals because it is society's habit to instill that more is better and good is not good enough. Unfortunately, these issues will always be generally prevalent.

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Thread:: Effects of Short-Term Quercetin Supplementation on Soldier Performance
Post:: Effects of Short-Term Quercetin Supplementation on Soldier Performance
Author:: Dara Dalton

Posted Date:: September 18, 2012 3:50 PM
Status:: Published

ResearchReview Assignment # 2

A. Research by Sharp, MA, Hendrickson,NR, Staab, JS, McClung, HL, Nihdl, BC, and Michniak-Kohn, BB. Effects ofShort-term Quercetin Supplementation on Soldier Performance. Journal of Strength andConditioning Research, 26(7): S53-S60, 2012.

B. The concentration of this study wasto establish if a dietary supplementation containing quercetin would accelerateaerobic capacity in soldiers confronting a two day encouraged, physically challengingmission and produce an increase in physical implementation, boost recovery fromfatigue, or amend twinge and exertion reaction to training. The exploit of amilitary applicable exercise procedure is a distinctive facet of this study – amultiday trial was premeditated to incite the form of exercise a soldier may requireto perform while accomplishing a dismounted tour of duty in combat milieu.

C. Sixteen physically active and reasonablyathletic Initial Entry Training male volunteers contributed to the study. A sumof three investigational testing was completed: a baseline trial with noexperimentation and two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossoverdesign assessments with experimentation followed. Assessment for both experimentaltrials consisted of three successive testing days concerning peak maximaloxygen uptake and loaded steady state timed trial treadmill walking and cycle.The experimental treatments were given in the form of a military rationnutrition bar; the subjects consumed two bars per day, twelve hours separately.Blood samples at a fasting condition were collected to establish plasmaquercetin concentration in the system.

D. The dietary supplement did not haveeffect on peak treadmill oxygen consumption or 50% of peak oxygen consumption. Plasmaquercetin concentrations did not change during the supplementation with theplacebo associated to the baseline. Quercetin supplementation resulted in elevatedplasma quercetin concentrations compared with the baseline and placebo - atreatment which verifies the efficiency of the nutrition bar as a form ofdelivery. There is the proposition that quercetin may improve implementation ofextensive and fatiguing exercise if there is a decrease in individual assessmentof pain or effort or if it produced a palliative result comparable to caffeine.Nevertheless, the study fulfilled that the quercetin supplementation did not progressaerobic capacity, aerobic performance, and steady-state load carriage exerciseor alter the metabolic or perceptual reactions to exercise as compared to theplacebo. Even though quercetin is consumed as soldiers’ ration for its anticipatedanti-inflammatory and immunity system boosting properties, the information fromthis study illustrates that quercetin does not offer an ergogenic outcome onmaximal power or combatant performance.

E. Considering the elementalinfluences determining the reliability of the research, the writing is grammaticallyacceptable; in addition, the arrangement is methodical and easy to follow. The descriptionof the study is clearly declared and precise while the synopsis proposes a conciseand palpable observation of the study including the research question at hand,the sample, methods, and results. The purpose of the study is acknowledged inthe introduction and the report has a natural and linked flow of steps in theresearch process represented in a logical and empirical consistency.

While the dependabilityof the study is satisfactory, the consequences of the study are restricted dueto the subjects and experimentation employed for the research. There islikelihood that more or less dosage of the supplement and preserved for alonger period of time may yield dissimilar results. There is also thepossibility that specific individuals will show an affirmative response to quercetinsupplementation, consequently making it less practical for performance augmentationin a sundry group such as soldiers. Additionally, fitness level of the subjectsmay influence the response to the quercetin supplementation given the volunteersfor this study were of standard condition and activity level for soldiersentering fundamental warfare preparation.

F. The outcome of this study can be practicalto the manipulation advertisements have on soldiers and athletes who seekperformance enhancing supplementation. These advertising claims are likely notfully based on fact and have not been tested on a large population. Positivedata from testing mice (constructed by the United States Army) demonstrated potentialuse of quercetin to boost physical fitness with no supplemental training. Conversely,as can be interpreted above, the result of this human study reveals thatquercetin does not advance soldier performance or lessen the discernment of effortfollowing intense and extended exercise.

Unanswered Questions:

1. The subjects used in this studywere male; is there a possibility that female subjects may respond differentlyto the quercetin supplementation?

2. All trials were performed in afixed environment with no external factors besides the physical activity protocolgiven to perform – it is possible that if the supplementation had been testedin a “real world” combat situation different results would have been found?

3. Would hormones, such as adrenaline(which would be heavily experienced during a combat situation), react or affectthe supplementation causing the production of different results?

Attachment: File

Research Review 2.docx (18.301 KB)

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Thread:: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Post:: RE: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Author:: Juan Cruz

Posted Date:: October 8, 2012 1:57 PM
Status:: Published

I agree Marcello that I would like to see the effects of the supplementation over a longer period of time! Nice study and good job!

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Thread:: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Post:: RE: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Author:: Juan Cruz

Posted Date:: October 8, 2012 1:48 PM
Status:: Published

I always find sports nutrition research interesting! I would have loved to seen the effects on women becasue men aren't the only ones looking to get bigger, faster, and stronger! More research in regards to sports supplementation and women needs to be done! Good job!

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Thread:: Effects of twenty eight days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold
Post:: Effects of twenty eight days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold
Author:: Juan Cruz

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 5:45 PM
Status:: Published

Attachment: File

Research Article #2.docx (13.539 KB)

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Thread:: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Post:: RE: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Author:: Samantha Cochran

Posted Date:: October 18, 2012 10:48 AM
Status:: Published

I think this study would have been more applicable if they had restricted activity outside the study as you had said.

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Thread:: The Prevalence of Vitamin Supplementation in Ultraendurance Triathletes
Post:: Re: The Prevalence of Vitamin Supplementation in Ultraendurance Triathletes
Author:: Samantha Cochran

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 11:01 PM
Status:: Published

This within in the same premise as the study I read. I find them both interesting and applicable to our profession. I think the study was well done.

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Thread:: Vitamin and mineral supplementation: effect on the 192 Am J Clin Nutr l988;47: 192-5. Printed in USA. C 1988 American Society for Clinical Nutrition running performance of trained athletes
Post:: Vitamin and mineral supplementation: effect on the 192 Am J Clin Nutr l988;47: 192-5. Printed in USA. C 1988 American Society for Clinical Nutrition running performance of trained athletes
Author:: Samantha Cochran

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 9:56 PM
Status:: Published

Weight, Lindsay, Kathryn Myburgh, and Timothy Noakes. "Vitamin and mineral supplementation: effect on the 192 Am J Clin Nutr l988;47: 192-5. Printed in USA. C 1988 American Society for Clinical Nutrition running performance of trained athletes." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47.10 (1988): 192-195.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether or not vitamin and mineral supplementation would enhance athletic performance and well trained runners after 3 months of ingestion.

The subjects were 30 well trained men between the ages of 20 and 45 years who had been running competitively for the last 3 years and were running more than or equal

to 70 km per week. None of the subjects were taking any medications or had any known food allergies. Any subjects that were taking vitamin and mineral supplements before the

study were asked to stop for at least 6 weeks prior to testing. The subjects were split into two groups of 15. Both groups ingested seven tablets per day with the placebo group

ingesting only the inactive ingredients for the tablets. Both groups ingested the tablets for 3 months, followed by 3 months without tablets, then the groups were switched and

received the opposite tablets of what they had the first 3 months. All subjects continued with their regular training regimen and kept logs of running distance, hours of sleep,

waking pulse, and perceived level of exertion during exercise.

Subjects were tested on 4 occasions, before the trial began, then at the 3, 6, and 9 month points of the study. Exercising heart rate and VO2 max were measured with the

exercise testing regimen of a 5 minute warm-up on a treadmill followed by a 5 minute rest, then running started again at 10 km/h and increased speed by 0.5 km/h every 30

seconds until the subject quit due to exhaustion. Time trials of a 15 km road races were done the same week as the treadmill testing.

The statistical data did not show any vast improvement in endurance athletic performance after 3 months of vitamin and mineral supplementation for either group. The

conclusion of the study was that vitamin and mineral supplementation does not enhance endurance athletic performance.

I think that the study was well done. The examiners controlled as much as they could in the study and accommodated for most of the intrinsic factors and many of the

extrinsic factors as well.

This study has a practical application for most athletic populations. Showing that although vitamin and mineral supplementation may be necessary for optimal health it is not

an ergogenic aid for athletic performance.

Questions:

Would the results had been different if female subjects were used?

Would the results have been different if power/strength athletes were tested?

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Thread:: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Post:: RE: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: October 8, 2012 11:52 AM
Status:: Published

I agree that the study may have been able to relate to a better audience if there was no loading phase and women participants were used. It was interesting to see that pre-workout drink had such positive effects, rather than seeing something promoted that did not work at all.

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Thread:: Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body Composition and Behavior among Dancers
Post:: RE: Eating Attitude, Body Image, Body Composition and Behavior among Dancers
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: October 8, 2012 11:49 AM
Status:: Published

This article interests me because I personally know a couple of collegiate dancers and some professional dancers, in which some have shown signs bad eating attitudes and body image. There were also some that seemed very fit and healthy but had coaches pushing them to lower the body fat percentage even more and control their eating habits more than needed. The results from this study did not surprise me, however it did help me to understand what my friends go through at times with the sport they have chosen to do in life.

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Thread:: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Post:: RE: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: October 8, 2012 11:45 AM
Status:: Published

I have recently been hearing a lot about gluten free diets lately and I never knew that they were said to have positive effects on athletes. The information in this article was very interesting to me especially because I have a good friend that might have a gluten intolerance. It was an informative article.

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Thread:: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Post:: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Author:: Marianita Carbajal

Posted Date:: October 3, 2012 3:27 PM
Status:: Published

Anita Carbajal
KINE 5306
Oct. 3, 2011

NutritionResearch Review #2

Surujlal, J. J., Nolan, V. T., & Ubane, T. T.(2012). Drinking patterns and related consequences amonguniversitystudent-athletes. African Journal For Physical, Health Education, Recreation& Dance,18(2), 281-292.

Inthis article, student-athletes are referred to as a special population. What theygo through and experience in college is very much different than that ofnon-athletes. Research has found that student-athletes actually tend toexperience more problems with alcohol and substance abuse than non-athletes.This has been explained by various influences and stressors from their coachesand peers as well as the pressure to do well in school, while maintaining goodperformance during competition. The purpose of this study was to observe andstudy the drinking patterns of student-athletes and the consequences that itcan have on their performance.

Firstand foremost, the permission from the three universities to perform the studywas granted, as well as the assurance that the anonymity of the universitieswill be maintained. This study consisted of 400 student-athletes, male andfemale, from three different universities in South Africa. These 400 subjectswere all given a cover letter explaining the purpose of the study, as well asassuring the anonymity and confidentiality of the subjects as well as questionnairescomposed of three sections. Section A simply asked basic demographicinformation, Section B asked about drinking patterns, and Section C looked intothe consequences of those drinking patterns. Of the 400 subjects that wereadministered the questionnaires, 202, about half, of them completed andreturned them. The researchers used exploratory data analysis to describe themale and female subjects and to determine the magnitude and frequency ofconsumption of alcohol. The researchers also used the Cho-square analysis inorder to determine the relationship between gender and the consequences ofdrinking.

Inthe results of this study, they found that more male athletes than femaleathletes actually responded to the questionnaire. The majority of the maleswere black and all of the females were black. The male participants mainlyconsisted of second year students, while the female participants mostlyconsisted of first year students. It was found that most male student-athleteswould consume an average of more than 6 cans of beer or more than 6 glasses of “spirits”per drinking session. Most female athletes, on the other hand on averageconsumed about 3-4 cans of beer or 3-4 glasses of wine per drinking session. Ingeneral, the majority of male and female athletes indicated that they did notexperience negative consequences associated with drinking alcohol. However,there was still a rather large percentage that did experience some effects,such as a hangover, or nausea and vomiting. In this regard, the results also notedthat more male athletes tend to experience the negative consequences ofdrinking more than the female athletes.

Inconclusion, the research of this study found that although some of the studentsdid indeed experience some of the negative effects of alcohol consumption, inthis study the general population of student-athletes did consume alcohol occasionally,but the negative consequences associated with the alcohol were low.

Ibelieve this study was done very well, however I think there should be more studieswith more student-athletes in areas other than South Africa in order to reallycome to any conclusions about how alcohol consumption can affect athletes andtheir performance.

Thepractical application of this study would be that it brings awareness tocoaches, as well as athletes, on how alcohol consumption can have negativeeffects on performance. As college students, we all enjoy having a good drinkwith friends and some even give in under pressure from their peers to consumemore than they are comfortable with. It is important for coaches and studentsto be aware of this so that there may be some discipline on the matter.

Unanswered Questions:

1. Do you think the rates for student-athletes atuniversities in the United States would have more negative results?

2. Do you think there is a more accurate way of evaluatingthe effects of alcohol on student-athletes, rather than using a questionnaire asin this study?

3. Since a majority of the participants were black, do youthink the results would have been different if more ethnicities were involved?

Link: Article was foundon school library database. May need to login in order to view the article. https://manowar.tamucc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=78302441&site=eds-live&scope=site

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Thread:: Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on force output and time to exhaustion during static leg contractions superimposed with electromyostimulation
Post:: RE: Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on force output and time to exhaustion during static leg contractions superimposed with electromyostimulation
Author:: Abby Cantu

Posted Date:: October 7, 2012 7:42 AM
Status:: Published

Great analysis Justin! I was interested in the application aspect because CHO loading is something that I've always utilized for soccer but we did it the night before performance not prior to! So force output is greater when intake is prior to performance which is great information to apply for my athletes!

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Thread:: Fluid Needs for Training and Compeition in Athletes
Post:: Fluid Needs for Training and Compeition in Athletes
Author:: Abby Cantu

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 10:42 AM
Status:: Published

Research Review 2

A. Shirreffs, S. M., Casa, D. J., & Carter, R. (2007). Fluid needs for training and competition athletics. Journal Of Sports Sciences, 2583-91.

B. The purpose of this study is to break apart the diverse nature of athletic events, together with the varied training programmes and individuality of athletes taking part in order to consider the fluid needs to each variable. The variety such as between the individual athletes, between training and competition, and with different environmental conditions and degree of training and heat acclimatization. Since there is limited data on all aspects of fluid balance in athletics this study focuses on the results to draw conclusions.

C. This review focuses on the water and electrolyte needs of adults who train and compete in athleteic events and the track and field athletes. The information is presented and used to implement recommendations for athletes and coaches to optimize performance and health, and by governing organizations that set the rules and regulations of the sport or the timing of the events to guide their decision.

Dehydration impairs performance in most events, and athletes should be well hydrated before exercise. During exercise bouts, sufficient fluid should be consumed at about 2% of body mass… Sodium should be included when sweat losses are high, especially for bouts that last up to or more than 2 hours. Rehydration should include replacement of both water and salt lost in sweat for recovery of exercise.

D. To summarize the recommendations for fluid intake for track and field athlete’s first euhydration may best be optimized by consuming a 500-ml bolus of fluid containing sodium, or a sodium-free fluid together with solid food, about 2 hours prior to exercise. Water required will be retained by the body while the excess will be excreted as urine over the 2 hour period.

Athletes in all events should assess their individual sweat response to exercise in order to determine if there is a possibility for concern of dehydration. Overdrinking should be avoided in events where body mass must be carried. The drink volume consumption should never be so much that the athlete’s gains mass over the course of their event like the athletes that are in the field events and multi-events when competition is spread over a number of hours when there are significant rest periods of activity.

E. This study was useful because it conglomerated the ideas of hydration and applied them to specific track and field athlete’s style of training. It is useful for coaches because they are able to utilize the different training mechanisms and apply them towards the separate sport requirements.

F. The influence of hydration status isn’t studied in a variety of athletic events which inhibits the ability to write recommendations along with the influence of exercise in different environments of the multitude of athletic events.

Questions:

1. Since this article refers to euhydration is best with the body mass with a sodium-containing fluid or sodium-free fluid together with food 2 hours before exercise. How could a sport like soccer be able to maintain considering the mass ratio and 90 minutes of exertion.

2. If dehydration is a big part of decline in athletic performance, how can an athlete prevent from becoming dehydrated when it’s impossible to maintain fluid with long exertion of effort?

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Thread:: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact
Post:: RE: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact
Author:: Laura Brennan

Posted Date:: October 7, 2012 2:31 PM
Status:: Published

I also think it would be nice to see the study done on a greater number of participants, and include more active/elite runners. As we have often seen, significance of results tend to vary throughout the range of sedentary to elite athletes. I think its interesting that the participants consumed the active drink only 10 minutes prior to performance. I wonder if results may have been different if a little more time was allowed prior to performing.

I'm a fan of these types of drinks, but I also think it is so easy to begin to rely on them ultimately placing athletes at risk of toxicity of the contents. I say this from personal experience!

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Thread:: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Post:: RE: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Author:: Laura Brennan

Posted Date:: October 7, 2012 2:21 PM
Status:: Published

Were the athletes asked in the survey about vitamin deficiencies? I noticed it was included in the results that vitamin deficiencies were reduced with gluten-free diets. I was just curious if this was measured in some way, and how vitamin deficiency related to gluten products. Seems interesting.

I've also looked at a couple of survey studies regarding sport performance. I'm very skeptical, so it's hard for me to believe the majority of the participants are completely honest! I'm working on being more open to the results presented. =)

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Thread:: Iron Depletion of Female Collegiate Rowers
Post:: Iron Depletion of Female Collegiate Rowers
Author:: Laura Brennan

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 9:46 PM
Status:: Published

DellaValle, D. M., & Haas, J.D . (2011). Impact of iron depletion without anemia on performance in trained endurance athletes at the beginning of a training season: A study of female collegiate rowers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21, 501-506.

Purpose

This purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiencies in female collegiate rowers, and further associate deficiencies with performance and intensity of exercise.

Methods and Materials

This study was comprised of 165 female collegiate rowers who were recruited over a three year span. All rowers were over 18 years of age, and were deemed healthy enough to participate in the study by a medical screening. Rowers participated in collegiate training at moderate to vigorous intensities.

Intensity and frequency of training, and performance time to complete a 2-km simulated race were self-reported 2 to 3 months prior to iron sampling. Later a sample group of 48 rowers were used to validate these self-reported measures. After training, rowers were classified as either iron depleted or normal based off of venous sampling. Rowers did not fast prior to sampling.

Summary of Results

Sixteen rowers that were found to be anemic were eliminated from further analysis. Thirty percent of the remaining group was found to be iron depleted, and 12% were clinically iron deficient. Demographic data was taken into consideration, and there were no common factors among the iron depleted or deficient groups. Thirty three percent of the sample group reported consuming a multi-vitamin regularly. The study found that there was a significant relationship between 2-km performance time and iron status. That relationship showed iron depleted rowers complete the 2-km race about 20 seconds slower than those who had normal iron levels.

Critique of the Study

This study did a decent job in showing a possible relationship between endurance training and activity and depletion of iron in the blood. However, the study could have controlled variables to a greater extent. The majority of the rower’s intensity of training was self recorded. Actual intensities may have varied greatly, ultimately impacting the results.

The researchers did point out that a percentage of participants indicated they took multi-vitamins on a regular basis. It would be helpful to know which end category these rowers fell into. It is assumed they may contribute to the group with normal iron levels. This is not a safe assumption. The diet of the participants was also unknown, making the results further questionable. Additionally, the title of this study is too long.

Practical Applications

This study helps establish a relationship between activity and iron levels in the blood. However, it indicates more controlled studies are necessary to establish a cause and effect relationship. Additional studies may consider further detailed demographic data, participants whom do not consume supplements or multi-vitamins, and male athletes. Additionally, normal diet should be a consideration as well.

Attachment: File

Impact of Iron Depletion.pdf (134.311 KB)

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Thread:: Fluid Needs for Training and Compeition in Athletes
Post:: RE: Fluid Needs for Training and Compeition in Athletes
Author:: Julie Baker

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 4:25 PM
Status:: Published

Very interesting article I agree with you that other studies need to be done with fluid needs on different types of athletic events.

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Thread:: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Post:: RE: The Effect of Gluten on the Gluten-Sensitive Athlete
Author:: Julie Baker

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 4:19 PM
Status:: Published

I think it is interesting that a gluten intolerance can have such a big impact on performance. I didn't realize that it can cause muscle pain, fatigue and other problems. But if you improve digestion you could ultimately improve performance.

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Thread:: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Post:: RE: Drinking patterns and student-athletes
Author:: Julie Baker

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 4:11 PM
Status:: Published

I was curious, of the 202 participants that actually answered the questionaire did it specify what percentage drank and what percentage did not drink?

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Thread:: Dose response effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on muscle performance
Post:: RE: Dose response effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on muscle performance
Author:: Julie Baker

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 4:04 PM
Status:: Published

Great critique and very interesting review. I agree with you on the division of males and females.

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Thread:: The Paleo diet and 20 healthy subjects.
Post:: RE: The Paleo diet and 20 healthy subjects.
Author:: Julie Baker

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 4:00 PM
Status:: Published

This is a interesting study. I think that the amount of participants used is adequate but the age range of the participants is a has a big range. I thought your point about the vitamin intake was interesting as well. Great critique.

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Thread:: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact
Post:: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact
Author:: Julie Baker

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 11:43 AM
Status:: Published

A. Walsh et al., Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact™Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2010, 7:14

B. The purpose of this study was to compare whether or not consuming a pre-exercise energy drink that was designed to boost resistance training performance would increase time to exhaustion on a treadmill. The study also inspected the areas of energy, focus and fatigue.

C. The study included fifteen recreationally active students (9 men and 6 women) from The College of New Jersey. The subjects underwent two testing sessions during three different occasions. The study was a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study. During each visit the participants were given either the Amino Impact or the placebo 10 minutes prior to the treadmill test. During each testing session a VO2 max test on a treadmill was performed on all participants followed by a 5 minute warm up at a self-selected running speed followed by a treadmill run at 70% of their VO2 max with the elevation being increased by 2% every 2 minutes until voluntary exhaustion. Following the treadmill test the subjects were instructed to fill out a questionnaire assessing their feeling of focus, energy and fatigue.

D. The results show that the subjects who consumed the Amino Impact supplement increased their running time by 12.5% compared to when they consumed the placebo. Twelve of the fifteen participants saw improvements in their performance that ranged from 2.9%-42.8%. The participants reported greater focus, energy and less fatigue when consuming the Amino Impact as compared to the placebo.

E. This study accurately shows that drinking Amino Impact (caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, di-creatine citrate, Beta alanine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-arginine and L-Glutamine) 10 minutes before a workout resulted in increased performance during a moderately intense exercise. There were a couple of things that they left out though. First of all, I wish they would have posted the results of the heart rate test taken during the last 15 seconds of each min of the running test to compare the measurements of the participants when ingesting the supplement vs. the placebo. I question the method that the testers used to measure focus. I think there are probably better cognitive tests to measure focus much more accurately than a questionnaire.

F. This study is helpful in finding supplements that have proven effectiveness in enhancing and maximizing athletes training routines and endurance time. Many of the ingredients found in Amino Impact have been shown to improve fluid uptake, boost energy, delay fatigue, and enhance recovery time.

Unanswered Questions:

1. Why was there no dietary recall done for this study?

2. Was the sample size large enough?

3. Would the results have been different if they used only experienced runners as their subjects?

Attachment: File

improved time to exhaustion following energy drink.pdf (468.71 KB)

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Thread:: Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Supplementation on Endurance Performance
Post:: (Added a few unanswered questions and minor changes) - Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Supplementation on Endurance Performance
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 4:06 PM
Status:: Published

Caitlin Arambula

KINE 5314

Research Review 2:

Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Supplementation

On Endurance Performance

A. References:

Vandenbogaerde, T. J., & Hopkins, W. G. (2011). Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Supplementation on Endurance Performance. Sports Medicine, 41(9), 773-792.

B. Purpose of Study:

The purpose of this study was to determine the performance effects (if any) on acute carbohydrate supplementation on endurance performance.

C. Methods and Materials:

Eighty-eight randomized crossover studies in which carbohydrate supplements were consumed with or without protein on the day of a physical performance test, including consumption before and/or during the test provided 155 estimates for performance effects in time-to-exhaustion tests or in time trials with or without a preload. For the mixed-model meta-analysis, all effects were converted into percentage changes in mean power in a non-preloaded time trial and weighted using percentage standard errors derived from exact p-values (in a minority of studies) or from estimated errors of measurement (in all other studies). Publication bias was assessed with a plot of t-values for the random-effect solutions vs standard errors. Probabilistic inferences showed to be consequential with reference to thresholds for small, moderate and large effects on performance of 0.5, 1.5 and 2.7% (Hopkins & Vandenbogaerde, 2011).

D. Summary of Results/Conclusion:

In the remaining 73 studies and 122 estimates, the meta-analyses performance effects of carbohydrate supplements ranged from clear large improvements of-6% to clear moderate impairments of-2%. The best supplement indirect from the analysis consisted of a -3-10% carbohydrate plus-protein drink which consisted of ~0.7g/kg/h glucose polymers, ~0.2g/kg/h fructose and ~0.2g/kg/h protein. Considerable reductions in the benefit of a supplement were perhaps moderate with a supplement providing >0.25 g/kg/h fructose, and possibly small with an increase in ambient temperature of 10°C. The effect in subjects with maximal oxygen consumption higher by 10 mL/kg/min may of perhaps been minor, while the effects of exercise duration were dependent on the concentration of carbohydrate plus protein in the supplement. The result of including salt showed to be unexpectantly small/minor, and lastly, the effect of gender was imprecise therefore showing the data to be unclear (Hopkins & Vandenbogaerde, 2011).

E. Critique of the Study:

My initial critique throughout this research was the large amount of participants involved in the study as well as the method taken to do the study. Also, the research article was a little too long/drawn out and the process of the research taken involved a confusing amount of different testing done overall).

F. Practical Application(s) of the Study:

1. This study can be beneficial for endurance athletes as long as it is done correctly.

2. This study would help increase performance for sports that require a great amount of carbohydrates or to enhance performance

G. Unanswered Questions:

1. Would you recommend this study or research to endurance trained athletes or coaches? If so, why?

2. If there was one thing to change about the study/research to help benefit the outcome, what changes would you recommend?

Web Link:

https://manowar.tamucc.edu/ login?url=http://search. ebscohost.com/login.a
spx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN= 67334063&site=eds-live&scope= site

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Thread:: Iron Depletion of Female Collegiate Rowers
Post:: RE: Iron Depletion of Female Collegiate Rowers
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 2:47 PM
Status:: Published

Overall, I thought your research review was written very well. I agree with you on your critiques over the research study, I believe that having the participants self record there data for the training is not a valuable, nor reliable method and could potentially be a major impact in the results. Other than that little critique over the research study, I thought you did a great job and I really enjoyed it. Keep it up!

Caitlin

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Thread:: The Prevalence of Vitamin Supplementation in Ultraendurance Triathletes
Post:: RE: The Prevalence of Vitamin Supplementation in Ultraendurance Triathletes
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 2:39 PM
Status:: Published

Great research review! I really enjoyed your choice of research study, it kept my attention and focus throughout the entire study which takes a lot. ha. Anyway, good job with the research review! Keep it up!

Caitlin

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Thread:: The Paleo diet and 20 healthy subjects.
Post:: RE: The Paleo diet and 20 healthy subjects.
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

Posted Date:: October 12, 2012 2:31 PM
Status:: Published

Overall, I thought it was a well written review and I enjoyed the research study. However, my initial critique of the study would be the age range for the participants involved. Personally, I feel that 20 - 40 years of age is a large gap and could possibly be a negative effect in your results. Other than that I really enjoyed your research review and thought you did a good job overall. Caitlin

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Thread:: Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Supplementation on Endurance Performance
Post:: Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Supplementation on Endurance Performance
Author:: Caitlin Arambula

Posted Date:: October 5, 2012 10:03 PM
Status:: Published

Caitlin Arambula

KINE 5314

Research Review 2:

Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Supplementation on Endurance Performance

A. References:

Vandenbogaerde, T. J., & Hopkins, W. G. (2011). Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Supplementation on Endurance Performance.

B. Purpose:

The purpose of this research was to determine the performance effects (if any) on acute carbohydrate supplementation on endurance performance.

C. Methods and Materials:

Eighty-eight randomized crossover studies in which carbohydrate supplements were consumed with or without protein on the day of a physical performance test, including consumption before and/or during the test provided 155 estimates for performance effects in time-to-exhaustion tests or in time trials with or without a preload. For the mixed-model meta-analysis, all effects were converted into percentage changes in mean power in a non-preloaded time trial and weighted using percentage standard errors derived from exact p-values (in a minority of studies) or from estimated errors of measurement (in all other studies). Publication bias was assessed with a plot of t-values for the random-effect solutions versus standard errors. Probabilistic inferences were derived with reference to thresholds for small, moderate and large effects on performance of 0.5, 1.5 and 2.7% (Hopkins & Vandenbogaerde, 2011).

D. Summary of Results/Conclusion:

Publication bias was reduced by excluding studies with a standard error >1.25%. In the remaining 73 studies and 122 estimates, the meta-analyses performance effects of carbohydrate supplements ranged from clear large improvements of-6% to clear moderate impairments of-2%. The best supplement inferred from the analysis consisted of a -3-10% carbohydrate plus-protein drink providing ~0.7g/kg/h glucose polymers, ~0.2g/kg/h fructose and ~0.2g/kg/h protein. Substantial increases in the benefit of a supplement were probably small with an additional 9-hour fast and with the inclusion of ~0.2g/kg/h of protein, probably small to moderate with ingesting the first bolus not at the start of exercise but 1-4 hours before exercise, and possibly small with increasing the frequency of ingestion by three boluses per hour. Substantial reductions in the benefit of a supplement were possibly moderate with a supplement providing >0.25 g/kg/h fructose, and possibly small with an increase in ambient temperature of 10°C. The effect in subjects with maximal oxygen consumption higher by 10 mL/kg/min was probably trivial, and the effects of exercise duration were dependent on the concentration of carbohydrate plus protein in the supplement. The effect of including salt was unexpectedly trivial, and the effect of gender was unclear (Hopkins & Vandenbogaerde, 2011)

E. Critique of the Study:

F. Practical Application(s) of the Study:

1. This study can be beneficial for endurance athletes as long as it is done correctly.

2. This study would help increase performance for sports that require a great amount of carbohydrates or to enhance performance

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Thread:: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Post:: RE: Effects of three, five, and seven days of creatine loading on muscle volume and functional performance
Author:: Marcello Alves

Posted Date:: October 9, 2012 12:45 AM
Status:: Published

Very nice study Sheena,

I love the fact that they tested multiple abilities (strength, agility, power, speed, and arm volume). Most of these studies asses only one of those abilities.

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Thread:: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Post:: RE: Effect of a Pre-exercise Energy Supplement
Author:: Marcello Alves

Posted Date:: October 9, 2012 12:28 AM
Status:: Published

Very nice study Tim.

Like you said in your last unanswered question, it would be good to see the effects of these study on a longer period of time. Would the difference still significant?

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Thread:: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Post:: Creatine Supplementation in Soccer Players
Author:: Marcello Alves

Posted Date:: October 1, 2012 1:00 PM
Status:: Published

Ostojic, S. (2004). Creatine supplementation in young soccer players. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14: 95-103.

Since the early 1990’s, the efficacy of creatine as an ergogenic aid has been studied extensively. There is considerable, but not unanimous, support for the ergogenicity of creatine. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute creatine monohydrate supplementation on soccer specific performance in young soccer players.

Twenty young male soccer players (16 and 17 years old) were allocated to two randomly assigned trials: Creatine monohydrate supplement group and placebo group. Before and after the supplementation protocol (7 days), each subject performed a series of soccer specific skill tests: dribble test, sprint-power test, vertical jump test and endurance test.

The results shown significant improvement on performance on the dribble test, sprint-power test and vertical jump test for the creatine group. These results were also superior when compared with the placebo group. However, there were no changes in endurance test results within or between trials. The main finding of the study indicates that supplementation of creatine monohydrate in young soccer players improved soccer specific skill performance.

I’ve been reading many soccer-related articles lately that are completely irrelevant and won’t contribute to the soccer science, but in my opinion, this was a very relevant study that contributes to the development of the science of soccer. The study was also very simple, well conducted and well written. The fact that they used soccer specific tests, such as the dribble test, increases the validity of the study. The supplementation was tested in a seven days window and I believe this was the only point (not necessarily negative) I would change in this study. I think seven days is such a short time and would be very interesting to see the results for a longer period of supplementation of creatine.

The study surely contributes to coaches and sports nutritionists involved with soccer performance. Based on these findings they can use the supplementation of creatine monohydrate to enhance performance of their athletes. Specially during short-term tasks that rely primarily on immediate mechanism of ATP replenishment.

Unanswered questions:

- How would the results look if the supplementation were tested in a longer period of time?

- What would be the results for older players (above 17 years old)?

- What would be the recommended amount of ingestion and for how long should the players consume to avoid negative side effects?

Attachment: File

Creatine Soccer.pdf (873.42 KB

Research and Rants on Performance

Friday, October 11, 2013

Sports Nutrition Research Reviews

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